Current Status Bill Number:5016 Type of Legislation:General Bill GB Introducing Body:House Introduced Date:19980414 Primary Sponsor:Townsend All Sponsors:Townsend, Loftis and Leach Drafted Document Number:gjk\21444sd.98 Residing Body:House Current Committee:Education and Public Works Committee 21 HEPW Subject:Performance and Accountability Standards for School Act, Pass Act, School districts, Colleges and Universities
Body Date Action Description Com Leg Involved
______ ________ _______________________________________ _______ ____________
House 19980414 Introduced, read first time, 21 HEPW
referred to Committee
View additional legislative information at the LPITS web site.
TO PROVIDE FOR THE MATHEMATICS, ENGLISH/LANGUAGE ARTS, AND SCIENCE STANDARDS FOR PURPOSES OF THE PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY STANDARDS FOR SCHOOLS ACT (PASS).
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina:
SECTION 1. For purposes of implementing the standards and assessment sections of the Performance and Accountability Standards for Schools Act (H.4399 of 1998), the mathematics, English/language arts, and science standards shall be those contained in Appendices 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Kindergarten
Number and Numeration Systems
The student, given a familiar problem situation involving magnitude, will select a reasonable magnitude from three given quantities: a one-digit numeral, a two-digit numeral, and a three-digit numeral (e.g., 5, 50, and 500); and explain the reasonableness of his/her choice.
The student, given two sets containing 10 or fewer concrete items, will identify and describe one set as having more, fewer, or the same number of members as the other set, using the concept of 1 to 1 correspondence.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will identify, describe, and extend a repeating relationship (pattern) found in common objects, sounds, and movements.
The student will investigate and recognize patterns from counting by fives and tens, using concrete objects and a calculator.
The student, given a set containing nine or fewer concrete items, will tell how many are in the set by counting the number of items orally; select the corresponding numeral from a given set; and trace over the numeral using tactile materials (e.g., sandpaper, carpeting, or finger paint).
The student, given an ordered set of three objects and/or, will indicate the ordered position of each item, from left-to-right, right-to-left, top-to-bottom, and/or bottom-to-top.
The student will count forward to 20 and backward from 10.
The student will determine the value of a collection of pennies, using pennies or models.
The student will add and subtract whole numbers using up to 10 concrete items.
The student will compare the size (larger/smaller) and shape of plane geometric figures (circle, triangle, square, and rectangle).
The student will sort and classify objects according to similar attributes (size, shape, and color).
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify, describe, and make plane geometric figures (circle, triangle, square, and rectangle).
The student will identify representations of plane geometric figures (circle, triangle, square, and rectangle), regardless of their position and orientation in space.
Measurement
The student will identify the instruments used to measure length (ruler), weight (scale), time (clock: digital and analog; calendar: day, month, and season), and temperature (thermometer).
The student will tell time to the hour using an analog or digital clock.
The student will compare two objects or events, using direct comparisons or nonstandard units of measure, according to one or more of the following attributes: length (shorter, longer), height (taller, shorter), weight (heavier, lighter), temperature (hotter, colder). Examples of nonstandard units include foot length, hand span, new pencil, paper clip, block, etc.
The student will recognize a penny, nickel, dime, and quarter.
Probability and Statistics
The student will investigate and describe the results of dropping a two-colored counter or
using a multicolored spinner.
The student will gather data relating to familiar experiences by counting and tallying.
The student will display objects and information. using object and pictorial graphs and tables.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade One
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will count by ones, twos, fives and tens beyond 100.
The student will identify the place value of each digit in a three-digit numeral, using numeration models.
The student will identify the positions first through twentieth, using an ordered set of objects.
The student will count a collection of pennies, a collection of nickels, and a collection of dimes whose total value is 100 cents or less.
The student will recognize and write whole numbers in words through 10 using correct spelling; will write numerals 0 through 100; identify odd and even numbers up to 100, and will read whole numbers from a number line labeled 0 to 180.
The student will count objects in a given set containing between one (10) and 100 objects and write the corresponding numeral.
The student will identify and represent the concepts of one-half, one-third, one-fourth, one-sixth using appropriate materials or drawings.
The student will estimate the number of objects in a set of from five to twenty objects.
The student will describe pairs of numbers using greater than, less than, and equal to.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will recall basic addition facts, sums to 10 or less, and the corresponding subtraction facts.
The student will solve story and picture problems involving one-step solutions, using basic addition and subtraction facts.
The student will write or mentally compute adding and subtracting pairs of 2 digit whole numbers without renaming.
The student will demonstrate the meaning of one and two digit addition and subtraction and include examples using concrete models.
The student will use inverse operations to find the missing number in an addition number sentence with sums less than or equal to 10 and write the corresponding subtraction facts.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will recognize, describe, extend, and create a wide variety of patterns, including rhythmic, color, shape, and numeric. Patterns will include both growing and repeating patterns. Concrete materials and calculators will be used by students.
The student's will identify missing numbers and elements in a pattern or sequence.
The student will sort and classify concrete objects according to one or more attributes, including color, size, shape, and thickness.
The student will connect patterns, relationships, and functions in a variety of real-world concepts and will extend patterns, including skip-counting.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify and create figures, symmetric along a line, using various concrete materials and will draw lines of symmetry through shapes to divide them into congruent figures.
The student will describe the proximity of objects in space (near, far, close by, below, up, down, beside, and next to).
The student will draw, describe and order triangles, squares, rectangles, circles according to number of sides, comers, and square comers and will recognize common 2 and 3 dimensional shapes, such as cubes, cones, cylinders, and spheres.
The student will identify and describe objects in his/her environment that depict geometric figures: triangle. rectangle. square, and circle.
Measurement
The student will use standard and nonstandard units to measure length and weight.
The student will tell and record time to the half-hour, using an analog or digital clock.
The student will put in sequence the days of the week and the months of the year.
The student will compare the weight of two objects using a balance scale.
The student will compare the volumes of two given containers by using concrete materials (e.g., jelly beans, sand, water, and rice).
The student will identify the number of pennies equivalent to a nickel, a dime, and a quarter.
Probability and Statistics
The student will investigate, make predictions about, identify, describe, and apply various forms of data collection in his/her world (e.g., recording daily temperature, lunch count, attendance, and favorite ice cream).
The student will read and interpret information displayed in a picture, object or bar graph using the vocabulary: more, less, fewer, greater than, and less than.
The student will construct picture, bar and object graphs.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Two
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will count by twos and fives to 1000 and by threes and fours to 100 (96), using mental mathematics, paper and pencil, hundred chart, calculators, and/or concrete objects.
The student will identify the place value of each digit in a four-digit numeral.
The student will identify the positions first through thirtieth, using an ordered set of objects.
The student will identify the parts of a set and/or region that represent one-half, one-third, one-fourth, one-sixth, one-eighth, and one-tenth and write the corresponding fractions and order them correctly.
The student will compare and write two whole numbers between 0 and 999, using symbols and words (>, <, or =, "greater than," "less than," or "equal to").
The student will write whole numbers in words through twenty and spell correctly.
The student will round numbers to the nearest ten.
The student will estimate the number of objects in a set of from five to thirty objects.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will solve addition and subtraction problems using data from simple charts and picture graphs. Problems will require a one-step solution.
The student will recall basic addition facts, sums to 20 (18) or less, and the corresponding subtraction facts.
The student. given a simple addition or subtraction fact, will recognize and describe the related facts which represent and describe the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction (e.g.. 3 + =7. -3 = 7. 7 - =3)
The student. given two whole numbers whose sum is 99 or less. will estimate the sum; and find the sum using various methods of calculation (mental computation, concrete materials, and paper and pencil).
The student, given two whole numbers each 99 or less, will estimate the difference; and find the difference using various methods of calculation (mental computation, concrete materials, and paper and pencil).
The student will demonstrate the meaning, of addition, subtraction, multiplication (multiples of 2, 4, 5, and 10) and division as the inverse of multiplication using concrete models.
The student will use written or mental computation to predict results of adding and subtracting up to 100.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will identify, create, and extend a wide variety of patterns using symbols and objects.
The student will complete a sequence of 10 or fewer consecutive whole numbers 0 though 999.
The student will solve problems by completing a numerical sentence involving the basic facts for addition and subtraction. Examples include: 3 +7, or 9 - 2. Students will create story problems using the numerical sentences.
The student will recognize, describe, and extend patterns of numbers and number combinations using, tools such as hundreds charts and calendars.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify and describe a cube, rectangular solid, sphere, cylinder, and cone, according to the number and shape of faces, edges, bases, and comers and will describe congruent shapes.
The student will compare and contrast plane and solid geometric shapes (circle/sphere, square/cube, triangle/pyramid, and rectangle/rectangular solid).
The student will construct models of two dimensional shapes including triangles, quadrilaterals (squares, rectangles, parallelograms), pentagons hexagons, and octagons.
The student will investigate and predict the results of motion geometry (slides and flips).
The student will apply geometry to measurement, real world contexts, and use appropriate technology.
Measurement
The student will estimate and then determine weight/mass of familiar objects in pounds and/or kilograms, using a scale.
The student will estimate and then use a ruler to make linear measurements to the nearest centimeter and inch, including the distance around a polygon (determine perimeter).
The student, given grid paper, will estimate and then count the number of square units needed to cover a given surface (determine area).
The student will tell and write time to the quarter hour, using analog and digital clocks.
The student will use actual measuring devices to compare metric and U.S. Customary units (cups, pints, quarts, gallons, and liters) for measuring liquid volume, using the concepts of more, less, and equivalent.
The student will estimate and then count the number of cubes in a rectangular box (determine volume).
The student will
count, compare. and make change, using a collection of coins and one-dollar bills; and identify the correct usage of the cent symbol (0), dollar symbol ($), and decimal point.
The student, given a calendar, will determine-past and future days of the week and identify specific dates.
Probability and Statistics
The student will record data from experiments using tools such as spinners and colored tiles/cubes and use the data to predict which of two events is more likely to occur if the experiment is repeated.
The student will construct. read and interpret appropriate tables, charge, pictographs, and bar graphs.
The student will generate questions, collect data using surveys, and organize data by tallying.
The student will find the mode of a set of data.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will read and write decimals expressed as tenths and hundredths, using concrete materials.
The student will read and write six-digit numerals and identify the place value for each digit.
The student will write whole numbers in standard form, expanded form, and in words (ex., 101, 1 hundred, 0 tens, 1 one, One hundred one, 100 + 1).
The student will round a whole number to the nearest ten, hundred, or thousand.
The student will identify the positions of objects in a set by their ordinal numbers through ninety-ninth.
The student will name and write the fractions represented by drawings or concrete materials and represent a given fraction, using concrete materials and symbols.
The student will compare two whole numbers between 0 and 9,999, using symbols (>, <, or =) and words ("greater than," "less than," or "equal to").
The student will locate whole numbers, unit fractions, or mixed numbers with unit fractions on a number line.
The student will compare the numerical value of two fractions having like and unlike denominators, using concrete materials.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will recognize and use the inverse relationships between addition/subtraction and multiplication/division to complete basic fact sentences. Students will use these relationships to solve problems such as 5 - 3 = 8 and 8 - 3 = .
The student will recall the multiplication and division facts through the twelves (nines) table.
The student will explain the processes of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division problems and the various ways to solve them in writing and orally.
The student will apply the commutative, identity, and zero property for addition and multiplication.
The student will find the missing factor, divisor or dividend in a multiplication or division sentence.
The student will solve problems involving the sum or difference of two whole numbers, each with five digits, or less, with or without regrouping, using various computational methods, including calculators, paper and pencil, mental computation, and estimation.
The student will use estimation to predict results and evaluate the reasonableness of the results with addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
The student will create and solve problems that involve multiplication of two whole numbers, one factor 99 or less and the second factor 9 (5) or less.
The student will add and subtract with proper fractions having like denominators of 10 or less, using concrete materials.
The student will add and subtract with decimals expressed as tenths, using concrete materials and paper and pencil.
The student will choose appropriate operations and symbols to illustrate and solve a variety of problems.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will determine the rule and identify missing, numbers in a sequence or table of number pairs and will justify including missing numbers in the patterns.
The student will use concrete or pictorial models and symbols to identify missing, addends or factors in equations or inequalities.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will analyze plane and solid geometric figures (square. rectangle, triangle, parallelograms, hexagons. cube, rectangular solid, cone, pyramid, and cylinder) and identify relevant properties, including the number of corners, square corners, the shape of faces, and edges.
The student will identify and draw representations of points, line segments (including intersecting, and parallel), and angles, using a ruler or straightedge.
The student, given appropriate drawings or models, will identify and describe congruent and symmetrical two-dimensional figures, using tracing procedures or grid paper.
The student will use coordinates to locate points on a grid.
The student will sort triangles by lengths of sides-and sizes of angles (acute, obtuse, or right).
The student will identify the center, radius, and diameter of a circle.
The student will investigate and predict the result of combining and/or partitioning geometric shapes by drawing, modeling, or describing the figure created.
The student will investigate and predict the results of motion geometry (slides, flips, and turns).
Measurement
The student will multiply money written in decimal form by 1 digit factors in real world problems.
The student will determine by counting the value of a collection of bills and coins up to $10 (5), compare the value of the coins or bills, and make change.
The student will estimate and then use actual measuring devices with metric and Customary units to measure
length-inches, feet, yards, centimeters, and meters;
liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts, gallons, and liters;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, grams, and kilograms.
The student will tell time to the nearest five-minute interval and to the nearest minute, using analog and digital clocks.
The student will identify equivalent periods of time, including relationships among days, months, and years, as well as minutes and hours. The student will include elapsed time, and a.m. and p.m. designations and solve problems using the calendar.
The student will read temperature, to the nearest degree and determine temperature changes during time intervals, from a Celsius thermometer and a Fahrenheit thermometer. Real thermometers and physical models of thermometers will be used.
Probability and Statistics
The student will predict simple events and justify the prediction based on the number of ways they can occur (such as impossible, not likely, equally likely, more likely, or certain).
The student will construct, interpret, and draw conclusions from tables, charts, pictographs, bar graphs to display given data.
The student will gather, organize and interpret data to make predictions.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Four
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will read, write, represent, and identify decimals expressed through thousandths, and round to the nearest tenth and hundredth, using concrete materials, drawings, calculators, and symbols.
The student will:
identify, orally and in writing, the place value for each digit in a whole number expressed through millions;
compare two whole numbers, expressed through millions, using symbols <,>, or =); and
round whole numbers expressed through millions to the nearest thousand, ten thousand, hundred thousand, and millions.
The student will identify and represent equivalent fractions and relate fractions to decimals, using concrete objects.
The student will compare the numerical value of fractions having denominators of 12 or less.
The student will apply divisibility rules for 2, 5, and 10.
The student will explore relationships between decimals and percents such as .25 = 25%,.66
= 66%, .89 = 89%.
The student will identify any Roman numeral up to one hundred.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will find the product of two whole numbers when one factor has two digits or less and the other factor has three digits or less, using estimation and paper and pencil. For larger products (a two-digit numeral times a three-digit numeral). estimation and calculators will be used.
The student will estimate and find the quotient of two whole numbers given a one-digit divisor or 2 digit divisors which are multiples of 10.
The student will
add and subtract with fractions having like denominators of 12 or less and with decimals through thousandths, using concrete materials and paper and pencil; and will explain method used to compute solutions.
solve problems involving addition and subtraction with fractions having like and unlike denominators of 12 or less and decimals expressed through thousandths.
The student will add and subtract whole numbers written in vertical and horizontal form, choosing appropriately between paper and pencil methods and calculators.
The student will find the product or quotient with decimals to hundredths, using concrete materials, drawings, calculators, and symbols.
The student will construct and analyze algorithms for operations with whole numbers and decimals to hundredths.
The student will estimate whole-number sums and differences, describe the method of estimation, and determine the reasonableness of the answer. Students will refine estimates, using terms such as closer to, between, and a little more than.
The student will use variables to represent number relationships.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will identify and locate missing whole numbers on a given number line.
The student will extend, analyze, and create patterns (including decimal patterns), using concrete materials and tables.
The student will describe and represent number relationships with tables and rules and will find missing values in tables.
The student will identify, and graph coordinates in a rectangular coordinate grid system.
The student will solve problems involving pattern identification and completion of patterns.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will investigate and describe the relationships between and among points, lines, line segments, and rays.
The student will identify and draw representations of points, lines, line segments, rays, and angles, using a straightedge or ruler.
The student will identify lines which illustrate intersection, parallelism, and perpendicularity.
The student will identify geometric solids including cubes, triangular and rectangular prisms, cylinders cones, spheres, and square and rectangular pyramids using attributes such as faces, edges, bases, and vertices.
The student will identify polygons based on the number of sides.
The student will identify quadrilaterals as rhombuses and trapezoids.
The student will predict the results of geometric motion of shapes including translations (slides), reflections (flips), and rotations (turns) and will predict the results of combining or partitioning geometric figures.
The student will find and describe patterns in 2 dimensional geometric figures.
Measurement
The student will create and solve problems involving addition and subtraction of money amounts using various computational methods, including calculators, paper and pencil, mental computation, and estimation.
The student will
estimate and measure length using actual measuring devices and describe the results in both metric and U.S. Customary units, including part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet, yards, millimeters, centimeters, and meters; and
estimate the conversion of inches and centimeters, yards and meters, and miles and kilometers, using approximate comparisons (1 inch is about 2.5 centimeters, 1 meter is a little longer than 1 yard, 1 mile is slightly farther than 1.5 kilometers, or 1 kilometer is slightly farther than half a mile).*
The student will
estimate and measure liquid volume using actual measuring devices and using metric and U.S. Customary units. including cups, pints. quarts. gallons. milliliters, and liters, and
estimate the conversion of quarts and liters. using approximate comparisons (I quart is a little less than 1 liter, 1 liter is a little more than 1 quart).*
The student will
estimate and measure weight/mass using actual measuring devices and express the results in both metric and U.S. Customary units, including ounces, pounds, grams, and kilograms; and
estimate the conversion of ounces and grams and pounds and kilograms, using approximate comparisons (I ounce is about 28 grams, or I gram is about the weight of a paper clip; I kilogram is a little more than 2 pounds).*
The intent of this standard is for students to make "ballpark" comparisons and not to memorize conversion factors between U.S. and metric units.
The student will identify and describe situations representing the use of perimeter and will estimate the perimeter and use measuring devices to find perimeter in both standard and nonstandard units of measure.
The student will draw angles as acute, right, or obtuse.
Probability and Statistics
The student will determine the probability of a given simple event, using concrete materials and will identify common events as impossible, less likely, equally likely, more likely, or certain.
The student will collect, organize, and display data in charts, tables, and line and bar graphs with scale increments of one or greater than one.
The student will identify and calculate the median of a set of data.
Mathematics Standards of Learning- Grade Five
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will read, write, and identify the place values of decimals through ten-thousandths.
The student will compare the value of two decimals through ten-thousandths using the symbols >, <, or =.
The student will order three or more whole numbers, fractions, and mixed numbers and compare two whole numbers, fractions, and mixed numbers using concrete materials and/or the symbols >, <, or =.
The student will read and write whole numbers through billions and decimals to thousandths in standard form, expanded form, and words.
The student will represent decimals and fractions as percents, using concrete materials or pictorial models, identifying common relationships such as 1/4=25%, 1/2=50%, 1/4=75%.
The student will mentally estimate the product of two 3 digit numbers by rounding the product to the nearest 100.
The student will apply divisibility rules for 3,-6, and 9.
The student will round fractions to the nearest whole number and decimals to tenths, hundredths, and thousandths.
The student will represent primes. composites, factors, and multiples using concrete materials or models (for example: rectangular arrays).
The student will identify, multiples and factors of numbers using least common multiple and greatest common factor.
The student will identify and write Roman numerals to 1000.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student, given a dividend of four digits or less and a divisor of two digits or less, will find the quotient and remainder.
The student will find the product of two numbers expressed as decimals through thousandths, using an appropriate method of calculation, including paper and pencil, estimation, mental computation, and calculators.
The student will compute up to 3 digits times 3 digits.
The student will apply the distributive property of multiplication over addition and subtraction with whole numbers.
The student, given a dividend expressed as a decimal through ten-thousandths and a single-digit divisor, will find the quotient.
The student will add and subtract with fractions and mixed numerals, with and without regrouping, and express answers in simplest form. Problems will include like and unlike denominators, limited to 12 or less.
The student will create and solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers, using paper and pencil, estimation, mental computation, and calculators.
The student will use rounding, estimating, mental arithmetic, and/or calculators to predict results and determine the reasonableness of computations on whole numbers, fractions, and decimals.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will investigate, describe, and extend numerical and geometric patterns, including triangular numbers, perfect squares, patterns formed by powers of 10, and arithmetic sequences. Concrete materials and calculators will be used.
The student will
investigate and describe the concept of variable;
use a variable to represent a given verbal quantitative expression, involving one operation; and
write an open sentence. using a variable to represent a given mathematical relationship.
The student will create a problem situation based on a given open sentence using a single variable.
The student will find the missing elements in numerical and nonnumerical patterns using calculators to investigate fraction patterns.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will classify angles and triangles as right, acute, or obtuse.
The student will measure and draw right, acute, and obtuse angles and triangles, using appropriate tools.
The student will identify and describe the diameter, radius, chord, center, and circumference of a circle.
The student will identify and graph coordinates on a rectangular coordinate system and/or first quadrant of the coordinate plane.
The student will identify the 3 dimensional geometric figure that can be constructed from a given net and will identify different views of a 3 dimensional object .
The student will identify transformations of geometric figures that are the result of slides (translations), flips (reflections), turns (rotations), or Wide reflections.
The student will represent and solve problems using, geometric models and technology in everyday situations and in other content areas.
Measurement
The student will choose an appropriate measuring device and unit of measure to solve problems involving measurement of
length-part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet, yards, miles, millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, tons, grams, and kilograms;
liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts. gallons, milliliters, and liters;
area-square units: and
temperature-Celsius and Fahrenheit units.
Problems also will include estimating the conversion of Celsius and Fahrenheit units relative to familiar situations (water freezes at O'C and 32'F. water boils at I OO'C and 212'F, normal -body temperature is about 37'C and 98.6 degree F).
The student will describe and determine the perimeter of a polygon and the area of a square, rectangle, and triangle, given the appropriate measures. The student will describe how he/she found the area and perimeter.
The student will differentiate between area and perimeter and identify whether the application of the concept of perimeter or area is appropriate for a given situation.
The student will determine an amount of elapsed time in days, hours, minutes, and seconds within a 24-hour period.
The student will add, subtract, and convert units of measure within the metric and customary system and express answers in the appropriate form.
Probability and Statistics
The student will
solve problems involving the probability of a single stage or a two stage event by using tree diagrams or by constructing a sample space representing all possible results; and
create a problem statement involving probability based on information from a given problem situation.
Students will not be required to solve the problem created.
The student will collect, organize, read, interpret, and display a set of numerical data in a variety of forms, given a problem situation, using tables, charts, pictographs, bar graphs, stem-and-leaf plots, and line graphs.
The student will find the mean and mode of a set of data.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Five
The student will demonstrate a basic understanding of computer theory including bits, bytes, and binary logic.
The student will develop basic technology skills.
Develop a basic technology vocabulary that includes cursor, software, memory, disk drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM.
Select and use technology appropriate to tasks.
Develop basic keyboarding skills.
Operate peripheral devices.
Apply technologies to strategies for problem solving and critical thinking.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information using databases, CD-ROMs, videodiscs, and telecommunications.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered services to access information from electronic databases.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of various computer processing, storage, retrieval, and transmission techniques.
The student will communicate through application software.
Create a 1-2 page document using word -processing, skills, writing process steps, and publishing programs.
Use simple computer graphics and integrate graphics into word-processed documents.
Create simple databases and spreadsheets to manage information and create reports.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Six
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will identify and represent integers, fractions, mixed numbers, and/or decimals on a number line and with concrete materials and picture models.
The student will identify representations of a given percent and describe orally and in writing the equivalence relationship between fractions, decimals, and percents.
The student will compare and order whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and Percents, using concrete materials, drawings or pictures, and mathematical symbols.
The student will apply divisibility rules for 4 and 8.
The student will describe and compare two sets of data using ratios and will use appropriate notations such as a/b, a to b, and a:b and will use ratio and proportion in everyday situations.
The student will explain orally and in writing the concepts of prime and composite numbers.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will
solve problems that involve addition, subtraction, and/or multiplication with fractions and mixed numbers, with and without regrouping, that include like and unlike denominators of 12 or less and express their answers in simplest form; and
find the quotient, given a dividend expressed as a decimal through thousandths and a divisor expressed as a decimal to thousandths with exactly one non-zero digit. For divisors with more than one non-zero digit, estimation and calculators will be used.
use concrete or pictorial models to illustrate operations on integers.
The student will identify representations of a given percent and describe orally and in writing the equivalence relationship between fractions. decimals. and percents.
The student will solve multi-step consumer application problems including, those involving fractions and decimals and present data and conclusions in paragraphs, tables, or graphs.
The student will
model and solve algebraic equations, using concrete materials; and
solve one-step linear equations in one variable, involving whole number coefficients and positive rational solutions.
The student will evaluate expressions using order of operations.
The student will use estimation strategies to solve multi-step practical problems involving whole numbers, decimals, and fractions.
The student will apply the distributive property of multiplication over addition and subtraction with integers, fractions, and decimals.
The student will determine the reasonableness of computations on integers, fractions, and decimals.
The student will use variable expressions to represent simple inequality relationships.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will investigate and describe concepts of exponents, perfect squares, and square roots, using calculators to develop the exponential patterns. Patterns will include zero and negative exponents, which lead to the idea of scientific notation. Investigations will include the binary number system as an application of exponents and patterns. The student will express and evaluate products in exponential form through the third power, using concrete materials and picture models.
The student will recognize, analyze describe, create, and extend a variety of numerical and geometric patterns and will find missing elements in numerical and non-numerical patterns using, calculators to investigate integer patterns.
The student will graph functions and relations on the number line and in a rectangular coordinate system.
The student will investigate relationships and will show how change in one variable results in change in the other variable.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify, classify, and describe the characteristics of plane figures including similarities and differences.
The student will sketch, construct models (including, 2 and 3 dimensional figures), and classify rectangular prisms, cones, cylinders, and pyramids.
The student will determine congruence of segments, angles, and polygons by direct comparison, given their attributes. Examples of non-congruent and congruent figures will be included.
The student will construct the perpendicular bisector of a line segment and an angle bisector, using a compass and straightedge.
The student will construct a net and determine the view of a 3 dimensional figure.
The student will describe the location of a point on the coordinate plane.
Measurement
The student will estimate and then determine length, weight/mass, area, and liquid volume/capacity, using standard and nonstandard units of measure.
The student will compare and convert units of measures for length, weight/mass, and volume within the U.S. Customary system and within the metric system and estimate conversions between units in each system:
length-part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet, yards, miles, millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, tons, grams, and kilograms;
liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts, gallons, milliliters, and liters; and area-square units.
The intent of this standard is for students to make "ballpark" comparisons and not to memorize conversion factors between U.S. and metric units.
The student will estimate angle measures using 45 degrees, 90 degrees, and 180 degrees as referents and use the appropriate tools to measure the given angles.
The student will create and solve problems by finding the circumference and/or area of a circle when given the diameter or radius. Using concrete materials or computer models. the student will derive approximations for pi from measurements for circumference and diameter.
The student will describe and calculate temperature change using, integers.
The student will find the surface area and volume of rectangular prisms and apply measurement to solve everyday-problems (for example, in science).
The student will estimate and justify estimates of perimeter and area of irregular shapes.
Probability and Statistics
The student will determine and interpret the probability of an event occurring from a given sample space.
The student, given a problem situation, will collect, analyze, display, and interpret data in a variety of graphical methods, including line, bar, and circle graphs and stem-and-leaf and box-and-whisker plots, and histograms. Circle graphs will be limited to halves, fourths, and eighths.
The student will describe the mean, median, and mode as measures of central tendency and determine their meaning for a set of data.
The student will evaluate and justify reasoning, inferences, and predictions based on probability and statistics.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Seven
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will explain orally and in writing the following properties of operations with real numbers:
the commutative and associative properties for addition and multiplication;
the distributive property;
the additive and multiplicative identity properties;
the additive and multiplicative inverse properties; and
the multiplicative property of zero.
The student will find common multiples and factors, including least common multiple and greatest common factor and will apply these in problem situations.
The student will compare, order, and determine equivalent relationships between fractions, mixed numbers, decimals, integers and percents, including scientific notation.
The student will simplify expressions by using order of operations, mental mathematics, and appropriate tools. Exponents and roots will be included.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will solve consumer application problems involving such things as tips, discounts, sales tax, and simple interest, using whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and percents.
The student will use proportions to solve practical problems, including scale drawings that contain whole numbers. fractions, decimals, and percents.
The student will
solve practical problems involving basic operations with integers by formulating rules for operating with integers and using a number line to compute,
use place value, rules of rounding- estimate solutions and determine the reasonableness of results and
explain the need for integers, using examples from real- life situations.
The student will compute the absolute value of integers.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will
solve two-step linear equations and inequalities in one variable, using strategies involving inverse operations and integers; and
solve practical problems requiring the solution of a two-step linear equation using concrete materials, mental computation, paper or pencil methods, and graphs of inequalities.
The student will use the following algebraic terms appropriately in written and/or oral expression: equation, inequality, variable, expression, term, coefficient, domain, and range.
The student will investigate and describe functional relationships, including the number of sides of a regular polygon and the sum of the measures of the interior angles.
The student will recognize, describe, predict, and extend arithmetic, geometric, Fibonacci, and other numerical patterns.
The student will use function notation, construct function tables, and graph functions.
The student will write verbal expressions/sentences as algebraic expressions/equations and simplify and evaluate them.
The student will observe patterns, relationships, and functions-in everyday situations and will relate them to other aspects of mathematics and other subjects.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student, given appropriate dimensions, will estimate and find the area of polygons by subdividing and/or combining them into rectangles and night triangles.
The student will identify and graph ordered pairs in the four quadrants of a coordinate plane.
The student will construct a three-dimensional model using cubes, given the top, side. and/or bottom views, and determine the volume and surface area of the model.
The student will compare and contrast the following quadrilaterals: a parallelogram, rectangle, square, rhombus, and trapezoid. Deductive reasoning and inference will be used to classify quadrilaterals.
The student will identify and draw the following polygons: pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, and decagon. The student will recognize the figures as congruent or non-congruent polygons and will identify and draw the corresponding parts of congruent polygons.
The student will determine if geometric figures (such as quadrilaterals and triangles) are similar and write proportions to express the relationships between corresponding parts of similar figures, using these proportions to find missing parts of similar or congruent figures, applying technology where appropriate.
The student will inscribe equilateral triangles, squares, and hexagons in circles, using a compass and straightedge.
The student will utilize transformations to describe similar or congruent figures and tessellations.
Measurement
The student will investigate and solve problems involving the volume and surface area of rectangular prisms and cylinders, using concrete materials and practical situations to develop formulas.
The student will estimate and/or justify estimates of the amount of time required for activities or events.
The student will use technology to demonstrate concepts of measurement and probability and statistics as they relate to other aspects of mathematics and to other subjects.
The student will use rates to solve problems.
Probability and Statistics
The student will determine the probability of a given simple event and express that probability as a ratio, decimal. or a percent as appropriate for the given situation.
The student will make a sample space for selected experiments and represent it in the form of a list, chart, picture, or tree diagram.
The student will investigate and describe the difference between the probability of an event found through simulation versus the theoretical probability of that same event.
The student will make inferences and predictions based on the analysis of a set of data that the student(s) collect.
The student will create and solve problems involving the mean, median, mode, and range of a set of data.
The student will identify and describe the number of possible arrangements of several objects, using a tree diagram or the Basic Counting Principle.
The student will display data, using displays such as frequency distributions, line plots, stem-and-leaf plots, box-and-whisker plots, and scatter grams.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Eight
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will describe orally and in writing or diagrams (e.g. Venn diagrams) the relationship between the subsets of the real number system.
The student will compute and apply the absolute value of real numbers.
The student will write and evaluate numbers in exponential
The student will locate real numbers on a number line, coml)are real numbers using <, >,=, and will order sets of real numbers.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will use proportions to solve scale-model and other problems with fractions and
decimals.
The student will solve practical problems involving whole numbers, integers, and rational numbers, including percents. Problems will be of varying complexities, involving real-life data.
The student, given a whole number from 0 to 100, will identify it as a perfect square and give its square root or find the two consecutive whole numbers between which the square root lies.
The student will apply the order of operations to evaluate algebraic expressions for given replacement values of the variables.
The student will find the product of numbers in exponential form having the same base, and raise a number with a power to another power.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will describe and represent relations using tables, graphs, and rules.
The student will investigate and describe functional relationships, including the number of sides of a regular polygon and the maximum number of possible diagonals, expressing the algebraic concept of the number of diagonals of the nth-sided polygon.
The student will solve multistep equations in one variable.
The student will create and solve problems using proportions, formulas, and functions.
The student will graph a linear equation in two variables on the coordinate plane, using a table of ordered pairs and describe the trends.
The student will introduce function notation, f(n), and write word sentences and functional relationships as equations and will show that the change in one variable in a function results in a change in the other variable.
The student will observe, predict, and generalize patterns such as fractals, the golden ratio, and Pascal's Triangle.
The student will recognize examples of exponential growth and decay.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify, describe, and use symbols for points, line segments, parallel lines, perpendicular lines, intersecting lines, and skew lines.
The student will identify tangents and secants of circles.
The student will describe, classify, compare and contrast, and construct plane figures and solid figures, including prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and cones.
The student will apply transformations (rotate or turn, reflect or flip, translate or slide, and dilate or scale) to geometric figures represented on graph paper or coordinate plan. The student will identify applications of transformations such as tiling, fabric design, art, and scaling.
The student will use technology, to show the relationships among the length of edges, the surface area, and the volume of similar solids.
The student will compare the numbers of sides and measurement of angles of polygons.
The student will use the rectangular coordinate system to locate and name vertices of a two dimensional figure.
The student will use isometric dot paper to draw a representation of a 3 dimensional figure and will determine the number of cubes used to create a given isometric drawing.
Measurement
The student will verify the Pythagorean Theorem by measuring and then applying the Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing length of a side of a right triangle when the lengths of the other two sides are given.
The student will verify by measuring and describe the relationships between vertical angles and angles that are supplementary and complementary.
The student will investigate and solve problems involving volume and surface area of cones and pyramids, using concrete materials and practical situations.
The student will use appropriate methods to approximate the areas and volumes of irregular shapes.
The student will determine time in different time zones.
The student will use measuring devices including rulers, protractors, clocks, balances/scales, calipers, stop watches, and thermometers and measure to the required degree of accuracy.
The student will demonstrate the relationship between perimeter and area when one is fixed and the other varies and will determine the relationship between changing lengths of edges and volume of 3 dimensional shapes.
The student will use sine, cosine, and tangent ratios to find missing parts of right triangles.
Probability and Statistics
The student will use information displayed in line, bar, circle, and picture graphs, scatter plots, and histograms to make comparisons, predictions, and inferences.
The student will use a matrix to organize and describe data.
The student will analyze problem situations, such as games of chance, board games, or grading scales, and make predictions, using knowledge of probability.
The student will display data using appropriate representations including histograms, back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots, and scatter plots with lines of best fit.
The student will recognize the misuse of probability and statistical analysis in the everyday world.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Eight
The student will communicate through application software.
Compose and edit a multipage document at the keyboard, using word processing skills and the writing process steps.
Communicate with spreadsheets by entering data and setting up formulas, analyzing data, and creating graphs or charts to visually represent data.
Communicate with databases by defining fields and entering data, sorting, and producing reports in various forms.
The student will communicate through networks and telecommunication.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Develop hypermedia "home page" documents that can be accessed by worldwide networks.
The student will have a basic understanding of computer processing, storing, retrieval and transmission technologies and a practical appreciation of the relevant advantages and disadvantages of various processing, storage, retrieval, and transmission technologies.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs to retrieve and select relevant information.
Use laser discs with a computer in an interactive mode.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered services to access and retrieve information from electronic databases.
Use databases to perform research.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grades 9 - 12
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will describe orally and in writing the relationship between the subsets of the real number system.
The student will justify steps used in simplifying expressions and solving equations and inequalities. Justifications will include the use of concrete objects, pictorial representations, and the properties of real numbers.
The student will identify field properties, axioms of equality and inequality, and properties of order that are valid for the set of real numbers and its subsets, complex numbers, and matrices.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will represent verbal quantitative situations algebraically and evaluate these expressions for given replacement values of the variables. Students will choose an appropriate computational technique, such as mental mathematics, calculator, or paper and pencil.
The student will use matrices to organize and manipulate data, including matrix addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. Data may arise from business, industrial, consumer, and research situations.
The student will use formulas for surface area and volume of three-dimensional objects to solve practical problems. Calculators will be used to find decimal approximations for results.
The student will use matrix multiplication to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators or computer programs with matrix capabilities will be used to find the product.
The student will represent problem situations with a system of linear equations and solve the system using the inverse matrix method Graphing calculators or computer programs with matrix capability will be used to perform computations.
The student will solve systems of two linear equations in two variables, both algebraically and graphically, and apply these techniques to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators will be used as both a primary tool of solution and to confirm an algebraic solution.
The student will solve quadratic equations in one variable both algebraically and graphically. Graphing calculators will be used both as a primary tool in solving problems and to verify algebraic solutions.
The student will solve quadratic equations in one variable both algebraically and graphically. Graphing calculators will be used both as a primary tool in solving problems and to verify algebraic solutions.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, solve literal equations (formulas) for a given variable and apply these skills to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators will be used to confirm algebraic solutions.
The student will analyze a given set of data for the existence of a pattern, represent the pattern algebraically and graphically, if possible, and determine if the relation is a function.
The student will determine the slope of a line when given an equation of the line, the graph of the line, or two points on the line. Slope will be described as rate of change and will be positive, negative, zero, or undefined. The graphing calculator will be used to investigate the effect of changes in the slope on the graph of the line, interpreting the meaning of slope as a rate of change.
The student will select, justify, and apply an appropriate technique to graph a linear function in two variables. Techniques will include slope-intercept, x- and y-intercepts, graphing by transformation, and the use of the graphing calculator.
The student will recognize multiple representations of functions (linear, quadratic, absolute value, step, and exponential functions) and convert between a graph, a table, and symbolic form. A transformational approach to graphing will be employed through the use of graphing calculators.
The student will find the domain, range, zeros and inverse of a function, the value of a function for a given element in its domain, and the composition of multiple functions. Functions will include those that have domains and ranges that are limited and/or discontinuous. The graphing calculator will he used as a tool to assist in investigation of function, including exponential and logarithmic.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of polynomial and rational functions and use these to sketch the graphs of the functions. This will include determining zeros, upper and lower bounds, y-intercepts, symmetry, asymptotes, intervals for which the function is increasing or decreasing, and maximum or minimum points. Graphing utilities will be used to investigate and verify these characteristics.
The student will use graphs to investigate and describe the continuity of functions. The functions will include piece-wise-defined and step functions.
The student will find the limit of an algebraic function. if it exists, as the variable approaches either a finite number or infinity. A graphing utility will be used to verify intuitive reasoning, algebraic methods, and numerical substitution.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will investigate and use the properties of angles, arcs, chords, tangents, and secants to solve problems involving circles. Problems will include finding the area of a sector and applications in architecture, art, construction, and other areas.
The student will make a model of a three-dimensional figure from a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object. Models and representations will include scale drawings, perspective drawings, blueprints, or computer simulations.
The student will solve practical problems involving complementary, supplementary, and congruent angles that include vertical angles, angles formed when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and angles in polygons.
The student will solve practical problems involving right triangles by using the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse, properties of special right triangles, and right triangle trigonometry. Calculators will be used to solve problems and find decimal approximations for the solutions.
The student will:
investigate and identify congruence and similarity relationships between triangles; and prove two triangles are congruent or similar given information in the form of a figure or statement, using algebraic and coordinate as well as deductive proofs.
The student will construct and judge the validity of a logical argument consisting of a set of premises and a conclusion. This will include:
identifying the converse, inverse, and P
contrapositive of a conditional statement;
translating a short verbal argument into symbolic form;
diagraming arguments involving quantifies (all, no, none, some), using Venn diagrams; and
using valid forms of deductive reasoning, including the law of syllogism.
The student will construct, using a compass and straightedge, a line segment congruent to a given line segment, the bisector of a line segment, a perpendicular to a given line from a point not on the line, a perpendicular to a given line at a point on the line, the bisector of a given angle, and an angle congruent to a given angle.
The student will use shape, shape properties, and shape relationships (including triangles, circles, and regular polygons individually and in combinations) to model the physical world and solve problems.
The student will locate the midpoint for two ordered pairs and find the distance between the two pairs.
The student will
draw a system of vectors and find the resultant graphically, write the components of a vector as a column matrix, and find the resultant by matrix addition; and
solve practical problems using a system of vectors.
The student will perform operations with vectors in the coordinate plane and solve practical
problems using vectors. This will include the following topics: operations of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and inner (dot) product; norm of a vector; unit vector; graphing; properties; simple proofs; complex numbers (as vectors); and perpendicular components.
Measurement
The student will describe, classify, and construct plane figures and solid figures. including prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and cones.
The student will choose appropriate techniques, units, and tools to measure quantities.
The student will investigate and solve problems involving volume and surface area of shapes such as cones and pyramids, using the appropriate amount of concrete materials needed to construct, cover or fill real objects in practical situations.
The student will choose an appropriate measuring device and unit of measure to solve problems involving measurement of
length-part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet, yards, miles, millimeters, centimeters, meters. and kilometers;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, tons, grams, and kilograms; liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts, gallons, milliliters, and liters, area-square units; and
temperature-Celsius and Fahrenheit units. Problems also will include estimating the conversion of Celsius and Fahrenheit units relative to familiar situations (water freezes at
O°C and 32°F, water boils at 100°C and 212°F, normal body temperature is about 37°C
and 98.6°F).
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems involving triangles and vectors. Techniques will include using the trigonometric functions, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Law of Sines, and the Law of Cosines.
The student will solve problems involving arithmetic and geometric sequences and series. This will include finding the sum (sigma notation included) of finite and infinite convergent series that will lead to an intuitive approach to a limit.
The student will apply the derivative to solve problems, including tangent and normal lines to a curve, curve sketching, velocity, acceleration, related rates of change, Newton's method, differentials and linear approximations, and optimization problems.
The student will apply the definite integral to solve problems. These problems will include finding distance traveled on a line and velocity from acceleration with initial conditions, growth and decay problems, solutions of separable differential equations, the average value of a function, area between curves, volumes of solids of revolution about the axes or lines parallel to the axes using disc/washer and shell methods, and volumes of solids with known cross-sectional areas. AP Calculus BC will also include areas bounded by polar curves.
The student, given similar geometric objects, will use proportional reasoning to solve practical problems; investigate relationships between linear, square, and cubic measures; and describe how changes in one of the measures of the object affect the others.
The student will determine the relevant percent of error in a measurement.
Probability and Statistics
The student will investigate and describe the difference between the probability of an event found through simulation versus the theoretical probability of that same event.
The student will analyze problem situations and choose an appropriate model to simulate the problem, such as games of chance, board games, or grading scales, and make predictions, using knowledge of probability and graphical, numerical, and verbal approaches.
The student will determine and interpret the probability of an event occurring from a given sample space, including odds of an event occurring and not occurring.
The student will determine a sample space for selected experiments and represent it in the form of a list, chart, picture, or tree diagram.
The student will compare multiple one-variable data sets, using statistical techniques that include measures of central tendency, range, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker graphs.
The student will make inferences and predictions based on the analysis of a set of data that the student(s) collect.
The student will collect and analyze data to make predictions, write equations, and solve practical problems. Graphing calculators will be used to investigate scatter plots to determine the equation for a curve of best fit.
Algebra I
The student will describe orally and in writing the relationship between the subsets of the real number system.
The student will justify steps used in simplifying expressions and solving equations and inequalities. Justifications will include the use of concrete objects, pictorial representations, and the properties of real numbers.
The student will identify field properties, axioms of equality and inequality, and properties of order that are valid for the set of real numbers and its subsets.
The student will represent verbal quantitative situations algebraically and evaluate these expressions for given replacement values of the variables. Students will choose an appropriate computational technique, such as mental mathematics, calculator, or paper and pencil.
The student will use matrices to organize and manipulate data, including matrix addition, subtraction, and scalar multiplication. Data may arise from business, industrial, consumer, and research situations.
The student will solve systems of two linear equations in two variables, both algebraically and graphically, and apply these techniques to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators will be used as both a primary tool for solution and to confirm an algebraic solution.
The student will solve quadratic equations in one variable both algebraically and graphically. Graphing calculators will be used both as a primary tool in solving problems and to verify algebraic solutions.
The student, given similar geometric objects, will use proportional reasoning to solve practical problems; investigate relationships between linear, square, and cubic measures; and describe how changes in one of the measures of the object affect the others.
The student will solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, solve literal equations (formulas) for a given variable and apply these skills to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators will be used to confirm algebraic solutions.
The student will analyze a given set of data for the existence of a pattern, represent the pattern algebraically and graphically, if possible, and determine if the relation is a function.
The student will determine the slope of a line when given an equation of the line, the graph of the line, or two points on the line. Slope will be described as rate of change and will be positive, negative, zero, or undefined. The graphing calculator will be used to investigate the effect of changes in the slope on the graph of the line, interpreting the meaning of slope as a rate of change.
The student will select, justify, and apply an appropriate technique to graph a linear function in two variables. Techniques will include slope-intercept, x- and y-intercepts, graphing by transformation, and the use of the graphing calculator.
The student will write an equation of a line when given the graph of the line, two points on the line, or the slope and a point on the line.
The student will apply the laws of exponents to perform operations on expressions with integral exponents, using scientific notation when appropriate.
The student will add, subtract, and multiply polynomials and divide polynomials with monomial divisors, using concrete objects, pictorial representations, and algebraic manipulations.
The student will factor completely first- and second-degree binomials and trinomials in one or two variables. The graphing calculator will be used as both a primary tool for factoring and for confirming an algebraic factorization.
The student will estimate square roots at least to the nearest tenth and use a calculator to compute decimal approximations of radicals.
The student will determine the domain and range of a relation given a graph or a set of ordered pairs and will identify the relations that are functions.
The student will, given a rule, find the values of a function for elements in its domain and locate the zeros of the function both algebraically and with a graphing calculator. The value of f(x) will be related to the ordinate on the graph.
The student will, given a set of data points, write an equation for a line of best fit, using the median fit method, and use the equation to make predictions.
The student will compare multiple one-variable data sets. using statistical techniques that include measures of central tendency, range, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker graphs.
The student will analyze a relation to determine whether a direct or inverse variation exists and represent it algebraically and graphically, if possible.
Geometry
The student will investigate and use the properties of angles, arcs, chords, tangents, and secants to solve problems involving circles. Problems will include finding the area of a sector and applications in architecture, art, construction, and other areas.
The student will make a model of a three-dimensional figure from a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional object. Models and representations will include scale drawings, perspective drawings, blueprints, or computer simulations.
The student will solve practical problems involving complementary, supplementary, and congruent angles that include vertical angles, angles formed when parallel lines are cut by a transversal, and angles in polygons.
The student, given similar geometric objects, will use proportional reasoning to solve practical problems; investigate relationships between linear, square, and cubic measures; and describe how changes in one of the measures of the object affect the others.
The student will solve practical problems involving right triangles by using the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse, properties of special right triangles, and right triangle trigonometry. Calculators will be used to solve problems and find decimal approximations for the solutions.
The student will:
investigate and identify congruence and similarity relationships between triangles; and prove two triangles are congruent or similar given information in the form of a figure or statement. using algebraic and coordinate as well as deductive proofs.
The student will construct and judge the validity of a logical argument consisting of a set of premises and a conclusion. This will include:
identifying the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement;
translating a short verbal argument into symbolic form;
diagramming arguments involving quantifiers (all, no, none, some), using Venn diagrams; and
using valid forms of deductive reasoning, including the law of syllogism.
The student will construct. using a compass and straightedge, a line segment congruent to given line segment, the bisector of a line segment, a perpendicular to a given line from a point not on the line, a perpendicular to a given line at a point on the line, the bisector of a given angle, and an angle congruent to a given angle.
The student will use shape, shape properties, and shape relationships (including triangles, circles, and regular polygons individually and in combinations) to model the physical world and solve problems.
The student will locate the midpoint for two ordered pairs and find the distance between the two pairs.
The student will use pictorial representations, including computer software and coordinate methods to solve problems involving symmetry and transformation. This will include:
using formulas for finding distance, midpoint, and slope;
investigating and determining whether a figure is symmetric with respect to a line or a point; and
determining whether a figure has been translated, reflected, rotated, or dilated.
The student will use the relationships between angles formed by two lines cut by a transversal to determine if two lines are parallel and verify, using algebraic and coordinate methods as well as deductive proofs.
The student, given information concerning the lengths of sides and/or measures of angles, will apply the triangle inequality properties to determine whether a triangle exists and to order sides and angles. These concepts will be considered in the context of practical situations.
The student will:
investigate and identify properties of quadrilaterals involving opposite sides and angles, consecutive sides and angles, and diagonals;
prove these properties of quadrilaterals using algebraic and coordinate as well as deductive proofs: and
use properties of quadrilaterals to solve practical problems.
The student will use measures of interior and exterior angles of polygons to solve problems. Tessellations and tiling problems will be used to make connections to art, construction, and nature.
Algebra II
The student will use matrix multiplication to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators or computer programs with matrix capabilities will be used to find the product.
The student will represent problem situations with a system of linear equations and solve the system using the inverse matrix method. Graphing calculators or computer programs with matrix capability will be used to perform computations.
The student will add, subtract, multiply, divide, and simplify rational expressions, including complex fractions.
The student will:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, and simplify radical expressions containing positive rational numbers and variables and expressions containing rational exponents; and
write radical expressions as expressions containing rational exponents, and vice versa.
The student will solve absolute value equations and inequalities graphically and algebraically. Graphing calculators will be used both as a primary method of solution and to verify algebraic solutions.
The student will identify and factor completely polynomials representing the difference of squares, perfect square trinomials, the sum and difference of cubes, and general trinomials.
The student will select, justify, and apply a technique to solve a quadratic equation over the set of complex numbers. Graphing calculators will be used for solving and confirming algebraic solutions.
The student will solve equations containing rational expressions and equations containing radical expressions algebraically and graphically. Graphing calculators will be used for solving and confirming algebraic solutions.
The student will find the domain, range, zeros and inverse of a function, the value of a function for a given element in its domain, and the composition of multiple functions. Functions will include those that have domains and ranges that are limited and/or discontinuous. The graphing calculator will be used as a tool to assist in investigation of function,. including exponential and logarithmic.
The student investigate and describe the relationships between the solution of an equation, zero of a function, x-intercept of a graph, and factors of a polynomial expression through the use of graphs.
The student will solve systems of linear inequalities and linear programming problems and describe the results both orally and in writing. A graphing calculator will be used to facilitate solutions to linear programming problems.
The student will solve nonlinear systems of equations, including linear-quadratic and quadratic-quadratic, algebraically and graphically. The graphing calculator will be used as a tool to visualize graphs and predict the number of solutions.
The student will recognize the general shape of polynomial functions, locate the zeros, sketch the graphs, and verify graphical solutions algebraically. The graphing calculator will be used as a tool to investigate the shape and behavior of polynomial functions.
The student will investigate and apply the properties of arithmetic and geometric sequences and series to solve problems, including writing the first n terms, finding the nth term, and evaluating summation formulas. Notation will include sigma and 'a sub n'.
The student will perform operations on complex numbers and express the results in simplest form. Simplifying results will involve using patterns of the powers of i.
The student will collect and analyze data to make predictions, write equations, and solve practical problems. Graphing calculators will be used to investigate scatter plots to determine the equation for a curve of best fit.
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems involving a combination of direct and inverse variations.
The student will identify field properties, axioms of equality and inequality, and properties of order that are valid for the set of real numbers and its subsets, complex numbers, and matrices.
The student will identify conic sections (circle, ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola) from his/her equations. Given the equations in (h, k) form, students will sketch graphs, using transformations.
Pre-Calculus
The student will find the domain. range, zeros and inverse of a function, the value of a function for a given element in its domain, and the composition of multiple functions. Functions will include those that have domains and ranges that are limited and/or discontinuous. The graphing calculator will be used as a tool to assist in investigation of functions, including exponential and logarithmic.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of polynomial and rational functions and use these to sketch the graphs of the functions. This will include determining zeros, upper and lower bounds, y-intercepts, symmetry, asymptotes, intervals for which the function is increasing or decreasing, and maximum or minimum points. Graphing utilities will be used to investigate and verify these characteristics.
The student will use graphs to investigate and describe the continuity of functions. The functions will include piece-wise-defined and step functions.
The student will
draw a system of vectors and find the resultant graphically, write the components of a vector as a column matrix, and find the resultant by matrix addition; and
solve practical problems using a system of vectors.
The student will recognize multiple representations of functions (linear, quadratic, absolute value, step, and exponential functions) and convert between a graph, a table, and symbolic form. A transformational approach to graphing will be employed through the use of graphing calculators.
The student will perform operations with vectors in the coordinate plane and solve practical problems using vectors. This will include the following topics: operations of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and inner (dot) product; norm of a vector; unit vector; graphing; properties; simple proofs; complex numbers (as vectors); and perpendicular components.
The student will find the limit of an algebraic function, if it exists, as the variable approaches either a finite number or infinity. A graphing utility will be used to verify intuitive reasoning, algebraic methods, and numerical substitution.
The student will expand binomials having positive integral exponents through the use of the Binomial Theorem, the formula for combinations, and Pascal's Triangle.
The student will apply the method of mathematical induction to prove formulas/statements.
The student will apply the techniques of translation and rotation of axes in the coordinate plane to graphing functions and conic sections. A graphing utility will be used to investigate and verify the graphs. Matrices will be used to represent transformations.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of exponential and logarithmic functions in order to graph these functions and to solve equations and practical problems. This will include the role of e. natural and common logarithms, laws of exponents and logarithms, and the solution of loganithmic and exponential equations. Graphing utilities will be used to investigate and verify the graphs and solutions.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of the graphs of polar equations using graphing utilities. This will include classification of polar equations, the effects of changes in the parameters in polar equations, conversion of complex numbers from rectangular form to polar form and vice versa, and the intersection of the graphs of polar equations. The student will use parametric equations to model and solve application problems. Graphing utilities will be used to develop an understanding of the graph of parametric equations.
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems involving triangles and vectors. Techniques will include using the trigonometric functions, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Law of Sines, and the Law of Cosines.
The student will use the definitions of the six trigonometric functions to find the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant of an angle in standard position, given a point, other than the origin, on the terminal side of the angle. Circular function definitions will be connected with trigonometric function definitions.
The student, given the value of one trigonometric function, will find the values of the other trigonometric functions. Properties of the unit circle and definitions of circular functions will be applied.
The student will find the values of the trigonometric functions of the special angles and their related angles as found in the unit circle without the aid of a calculating utility. This will include converting radians to degrees and vice versa.
The student will use a calculator to find the value of any trigonometric function and inverse trigonometric function.
The student will verify basic trigonometric identities and make substitutions using the basic identities.
The student. given one of the six trigonometric functions in standard form (e.g., y = Asin (Bx + C) + D. where A, B, C. and D are real numbers), will:
state the domain and the range of the function;
determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift, and
sketch the graph of the function by using transformations for at least a one-period interval.
The graphing calculator will be used to investigate the effect of changing A. B, C. and Don the graph of a trigonometric function.
The student will identify the domain and range of the inverse trigonometric functions and recognize the graph of these functions. Restrictions on the domains of the inverse trigonometric functions will be included.
The student will solve trigonometric equations that include both infinite solutions as well as restricted domain solutions and solve basic trigonometric inequalities. Graphing utilities will be used to solve equations, to check for reasonableness of results, and to verify algebraic solutions.
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems involving triangles and vectors. Techniques will include using the trigonometric functions, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Law of Sines, and the Law of Cosines.
Advanced Placement Calculus
The student will apply the derivative to solve problems, including tangent and normal lines to a curve, curve sketching, velocity, acceleration, related rates of change, Newton's method, differentials and linear approximations, and optimization problems.
The student will apply the definite integral to solve problems. These problems will include finding distance traveled on a line and velocity from acceleration with initial conditions, growth and decay problems, solutions of separable differential equations, the average value of a function, area between curves, volumes of solids of revolution about the axes or lines parallel to the axes using disc/washer and shell methods, and volumes of solids with known cross-sectional areas. AP Calculus BC will also include areas bounded by polar curves.
The student will define and apply the properties of elementary functions, including algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and composite functions and their inverses, and graph these functions using a graphing calculator. Properties of functions will include domains, ranges, combinations, odd, even, periodicity, symmetry, asymptotes, zeros, upper and lower bounds, and intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing.
The student will define and apply the properties of limits of functions. This will include limits of a constant. sum, product, quotient, one-sided limits. limits at infinity. infinite limits, and nonexistent limits. AP Calculus BC will include the rigorous definitions of a limit.
The student will state the definition of continuity and determine where a function is continuous or discontinuous. This will include
continuity at a point;
continuity over a closed interval,
application of the Intermediate Value Theorem; and
graphical interpretation of continuity and discontinuity.
The student will find the derivative of an algebraic function by using the definition of a derivative. This will include investigating and describing the relationship between differentiability and continuity.
The student will apply formulas to find the derivative of algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions and their inverses.
The student will apply formulas to find the derivative of the sum, product, quotient, inverse, and composite (chain rule) of elementary functions.
The student will find the derivative of an implicitly defined function.
The student will find the higher order derivatives of algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.
The student will use logarithmic differentiation as a technique to differentiate nonlogarithmic functions.
The student will state (without proof) the Mean Value Theorem for derivatives and apply it both algebraically and graphically.
The student will use I'Hopital's rule to find the limit of functions whose limits yield the indeterminate forms: 0/0 and infinity/infinity
For AP Calculus BC, these functions will also include functions whose limits yield the indeterminate forms:
0 to the Oth power
1 to the infinity power
infinity to the infinity power
infinity minus infinity
The student will apply the derivative to solve problems, including tangent and normal lines to a curve, curve sketching, velocity, acceleration, related rates of change, Newton's method, differentials and linear approximations. and optimization problems.
The student will find the indefinite integral of algebraic. exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. The special integration techniques of substitution (change of variables) and integration by pans will be included.
AP Calculus BC will also include integration by trigonometric substitution and integration by partial fractions (only linear factors in the denominator).
The student will identify the properties of the definite integral. This will include the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the definite integral as an area and as a limit of a sum as well as the fundamental theorem: The integral from a to x of f(t)d(t) DT/do = f(x).
AP Calculus BC will include composite functions defined by integrals, e.g., f(x) = the
integral from 0 to x squared of e to the -t squared power d(t).
The student will apply the definite integral to solve problems. These problems will include finding distance traveled on a line and velocity from acceleration with initial conditions, growth and decay problems, solutions of separable differential equations, the average value of a function, area between curves, volumes of solids of revolution about the axes or lines parallel to the axes using disc/washer and shell methods, and volumes of solids with known cross-sectional areas.
AP Calculus BC will also include areas bounded by polar curves.
The student will compute an approximate value for a definite integral. This will include
numerical calculations using Raman Sums and the Trapezoidal Rule.
AP Calculus BC will also utilize Simpson's Rule.
The student will find the derivatives of vector functions and parametrically defined functions and use them to solve problems. The problems will include tangent and normal lines to parametrically defined curves, velocity and acceleration, and velocity and acceleration vectors for motion on a plane curve.
The student will use integration to solve problems. This will include areas bounded by polar curves, length of a path (including parametric curves), work (Hooke's law), and improper integrals.
The student will define and test for convergence of a series of real numbers and of functions. This will include geometric series, comparison (including limit comparison), ratio, root, and integral tests, absolute and conditional convergence, alternating series and error approximation, and p-series.
The student will define, restate, and apply power series. This will include addition, substitution, term-by-term differentiation and integration, interval of convergence, Taylor's series. Maclaurin series expansions, and Taylor polynomials with remainder and Lagrange error approximation.
* For those students who are enrolled in AP Calculus BC.
Computer Mathematics
The mathematics standards for grades 9-10 should be applied in the implementation of computer mathematics.
The student will solve practical consumer problems that involve analyzing and interpreting graphs, charts, and/or tables.
The student will solve mathematical problems using formulas, equations. and functions.
Problems will include those related to geometry, business, and leisure (e.g., sports and recreational activities).
The student will solve probability, data analysis, and statistical problems.
The student will describe the program development cycle: defining the problem, planning a solution, carrying out the plan, debugging the program, and providing program documentation.
The student will write program specifications that define the constraints of a given problem. These specifications include descriptions of pre-conditions, post-conditions, the desired output, analysis of the available input, and an indication as to whether or not the program is solvable under the given conditions.
The student will design a step-by-step plan (algorithm) to solve a given problem. The plan will be in the form of a program flowchart, pseudo code, a hierarchy chart and/or data flow diagram.
The student will use operating system commands, which include creating a new file, opening
an existing file, saving a file, making a printed copy (hard copy) of the file, and executing a program.
The student will divide a given problem into manageable sections (modules) by task and implement the solution.
The modules will include an appropriate user-defined function, subroutines. and procedures. Enrichment topics can include user-defined libraries (units) and object-oriented programming.
The student will design and implement the input phase of a program. which will include designing screen layout and getting information into the program by way of user interaction, data statements (BASIC), and/or file input .The input phase also will include methods of filtering out invalid data (error trapping).
The student will design and implement the output phase of a computer program, which will include designing output layout, accessing a variety of output devices, using output statements, and labeling results.
The student will design and implement computer graphics, which will include topics appropriate for the available programming environment as well as student background. Students will use graphics as an end in itself, as an enhancement to other output, and as a vehicle for reinforcing programming techniques.
The student will define simple variable data types that include integer, real (fixed and scientific notation), character, string, and Boolean.
The student will use appropriate variable data types, including integer, real (fixed and scientific notation), character, string, and Boolean. This will also include variables representing structured data types.
The student will describe the way the computer stores, accesses, and processes variables, including the following topics: the use of variables versus constants, variable addresses, pointers, parameter passing, scope of variables, and local versus global variables. This will also include use of terminology, including memory, CPU, RAM, ROM, baud, byte, bits, floppy disc, and hard drive.
The student will translate a mathematical expression into a computer statement, which involves writing assignment statements and using the order of operations.
The student will select and implement built-in (library) functions in processing data, which include trigonometric functions, absolute value functions, random number functions, end of line, end of file, and string.
The student will implement conditional statements that include if/then, if/then/else, case statements, and Boolean logic.
The student will implement a loop, including, iterative loops, pretest loops, and post-test loops. Other topics will include single entry point, single exit point, preconditions, post-conditions and loop invariance.
The student will select and implement appropriate data structures, including arrays (one-dimensional and/or multidimensional), files, and records. Implementation will include creating the data structure, putting information into the structure, and retrieving information from the structure.
The student will implement pre-existing algorithms. including sort routines. search routines, and animation routines.
The student will test a program using an appropriate set of data. The set of test data should be appropriate and complete for the type of program being tested.
The student will debug a program using appropriate techniques (e.g., appropriately placed controlled breaks, the printing of intermediate results, and other debugging tools available in the programming environment), and identify the difference between syntax errors and logic errors.
The student will properly document a program including the preconditions and post-conditions of program segments, input/output specifications, the step-by-step plan, the test data, a sample run, and the program listing with appropriately placed comments.
The student will design, write, test, debug, and document a complete structured program which requires the synthesis of many of the concepts contained in previous standards.
English Standards of Learning - Kindergarten
Reading/Literature
The student will understand how print is organized and read.
Hold print materials in the correct position.
Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.
Follow words from left to right and top to bottom on a printed page.
Match voice with print, associating oral phonemes, syllables, words, and phrases with their written forms.
The student will demonstrate an understanding that print makes sense.
Explain that printed materials provide information.
Identify common signs and logos.
Read and explain own writing and drawings.
The student will develop an understanding of basic phonetic principles.
Understand that letters represent sounds.
Distinguish letters from words and sentences.
Identify beginning consonants in single-syllable words.
Recognize rhyming words.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of stories.
Use pictures to make predictions about story content.
Retell familiar stories using beginning, middle, and end.
Talk about characters, setting, and events.
Begin to recognize cause and effect.
Use story language in discussions and retellings.
Identify what an author does and what an illustrator does.
The student will identify both uppercase and lowercase letters of the alphabet.
Listening and Speaking
The student will demonstrate growth in the use of oral language.
Listen to a variety of literary forms, including stories poems.
Participate in choral speaking and recite short poems, rhymes, songs, and stories with repeated patterns.
Participate in creative dramatics.
Begin to discriminate between spoken words and sentences.
Substitute words in a rhyming pattern.
The student will use listening and speaking vocabularies.
Use number words.
Use words to describe/name people, places, and things.
Use words to describe location, size, color, and shape.
Use words to describe actions.
Ask about words not understood.
Follow one-step and two-step directions.
The student will build oral communication skills.
Begin to follow implicit rules for conversation, (e.g., taking turns and staying on topic).
Begin to use voice level, phrasing, sentence structure, and intonation appropriate for language situation.
Listen and speak in informal conversations with peers and adults.
Begin to initiate conversations.
Participate in discussions about learning.
The student will hear, say, and manipulate phonemes (small units of sound) of spoken language.
Identify orally words which rhyme.
Sort words orally according to shared beginning, ending, or medial sounds.
Blend sounds orally to make words or syllables.
Divide syllables orally into sounds.
Writing
The student will print his/her name.
The student will draw pictures and/or use letters and phonetically spelled words to write about experiences, stories, people, objects, or events.
The student will explore the uses of available technology for reading and writing.
Research
The student will begin to ask how and why questions.
English Standards of Learning - Grade One
Reading/Literature
The student will apply knowledge of how print is organized and read.
Read from left to right and top to bottom.
Match spoken words with print.
Identify letters, words, and sentences.
The student will apply phonetic principles to read.
Use beginning and ending consonants in decoding single-syllable words.
Use vowel sounds in decoding single-syllable words.
Blend beginning, middle, and ending sounds to recognize and read words.
Use word patterns.
The student will use meaning clues when reading.
Use pictures.
Use knowledge of the story and topic to read words.
Reread and self-correct.
The student will use language structure when reading.
Use knowledge of sentence structure to read words.
Reread and self-correct.
The student will integrate phonetic strategies, meaning clues, and language structure when reading.
Preview the selection.
Set a purpose for reading.
Read with accuracy and self-correct when necessary.
The student will read and comprehend a variety of fiction and nonfiction selections.
Relate previous experiences to what is read.
Make predictions about content.
Ask and answer questions about what is read.
Identify characters and setting.
Retell stories and events, using beginning, middle, and end.
Identify the theme or main ideas.
Distinguish between fantasy and reality.
Recognize cause and effect relationships.
Recognize and respond to different times, places, and customs reflected in literature.
Recognize general themes in literature.
Write about what is read.
The student will read familiar stories, poems, or passages with fluency and expression.
Listening and Speaking
The student will adapt or change oral language to fit the situation.
Initiate conversation with peers and adults.
Follow rules for conversation.
Use appropriate voice level in small-group settings.
Ask and respond to questions in small-group settings.
The student will continue to demonstrate growth in the use of oral language.
Tell and retell stories and events in logical order.
Participate in a variety of oral language activities.
Be able to express ideas orally in complete sentences.
The student will continue to expand and use listening and speaking vocabularies.
Increase oral descriptive vocabulary.
Begin to ask for clarification and explanation of words and ideas.
Give and follow simple two-step oral directions.
Use singular and plural nouns.
Begin to use compound words in oral communication.
The student will orally identify and manipulate phonemes (small units of sound) in syllables and multisyllable words.
Count phonemes (sounds) in syllables or words with a maximum of three syllables.
Add or delete phonemes (sounds) orally to change syllables or words.
Create rhyming words orally.
Blend sounds to make word parts and words with one to three syllables.
The student will listen and understand read alouds, discussions, speakers, and other oral presentations.
Focus attention on speaker
Listen politely and not interrupt.
Ask appropriate questions.
Follow simple directions.
Writing
The student will write to communicate ideas.
Generate ideas.
Focus on one topic.
Use descriptive words when writing about people, places, things, and events.
Edit writing for simple conventions of grammar, capitalization, and punctuation, and for spelling.
Use complete and grammatically correct sentences in final copies.
Begin each sentence with a capital letter and use ending punctuation in final copies.
Use correct spelling for frequently used words and phonetically regular words in final copies.
Share writing with others.
Use available technology.
The student will print legibly.
Form letters.
Space words and sentences.
Research
The student will alphabetize words according to the first letter.
Use a picture dictionary to find meanings of unfamiliar words.
Make a personal dictionary or word list to use in writing.
The student will access and use information from observations, conversations, technology, and books to create oral and written stories and reports.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Two
Reading/Literature
The student will use phonetic strategies when reading and writing.
Use knowledge of consonants and consonant blends in words.
Use knowledge of common vowel patterns.
The student will use meaning clues when reading.
Use pictures and diagrams.
Use information in the story to read words.
Use titles and headings.
The student will use language structure when reading.
Use knowledge of prefixes and suffixes.
Use knowledge of contractions and singular possessives.
Use knowledge of simple abbreviations.
Use knowledge of word patterns.
Use knowledge of sentence structure.
Use knowledge of story structure and sequence.
The student will read fiction, nonfiction, and poetry using a variety of strategies independently.
Preview the selection.
Set purpose for reading.
Use pictures, phonics, meaning clues, and language structure to comprehend text.
Reread and self-correct when necessary.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of fiction and nonfiction selections.
Relate previous experiences to the topic.
Read to confirm predictions.
Identify the main idea (stated, inferred, or paraphrased).
Locate information to answer questions.
Paraphrase information found in nonfiction materials.
Describe characters and setting in fiction selections and poetry.
Explain the problem, solution, or central idea.
Organize events in a story or the steps in a process in the correct order.
Write about what is read.
Recognize cause and effect relationships.
Compare and contrast ideas within a selection.
Recognize and respond to different times, places, and customs reflected in literature.
Recognize general themes in literature.
Listening and Speaking
The student will demonstrate an understanding of oral language structure.
Create oral stories to share with others.
Create and participate in oral dramatic activities.
Use correct verb tenses in oral communication.
Use increasingly complex sentence structures in oral communication.
The student will continue to expand listening and speaking vocabularies.
Use words that reflect a growing range of interests and knowledge.
Clarify and explain words and ideas orally.
Listen to predict the outcome.
Give and follow oral directions with three or four steps.
Identify and use synonyms and antonyms in oral communication.
The student will use oral communication skills.
Speak clearly and with expression.
Use oral language for different purposes: to inform, to explain, to persuade, and to entertain.
Share stories or information orally with an audience.
Participate as a contributor and leader in a group.
Paraphrase information shared orally by others.
Use the telephone and take messages.
Make announcements and introductions.
Writing
The student will write stories, letters, and simple explanations for specific audiences.
Generate ideas before writing.
Organize writing to include a beginning, middle, and end.
Revise writing for clarity.
Use available technology.
The student will edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
Revise for clarity and logical order.
Use declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory complete sentences.
Capitalize all proper nouns and words at the beginning of sentences.
Use correct spelling for frequently used words.
Research
The student will identify appropriate sources to locate specific information.
The student will locate information in reference materials.
Use a table of contents.
Examine pictures, diagram and charts.
Use dictionaries, encyclopedias and indices.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Reading/Literature
The student will apply word-analysis skills when reading and writing.
Use knowledge of less common vowel patterns.
Use knowledge of homophones, synonyms, and antonyms.
The student will integrate various strategies to read and comprehend a variety of printed materials (nonfiction, fiction, poetry).
Preview and use text formats.
Set a purpose for reading.
Apply meaning clues, language structure, and phonetic strategies.
Use pictures, diagrams, titles, and headings.
Reread and self-correct when necessary.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of a variety of printed materials.
Set a purpose for reading.
Make connections between previous experiences and reading selections.
Make, confirm, or revise predictions.
Identify the main idea.
Distinguish between fact and opinion.
Recognize cause and effect relationships.
Explain the problem and solution in the plot of a story.
Examine literature from various historical periods and cultures.
Recognize general themes in literature and relate to personal experience.
Summarize stories and paraphrase information found in text.
Make inferences and support them by citing evidence from the text and personal experience.
Ask and answer questions.
Compare and contrast settings, characters, and events.
Organize information or events logically.
Use information to learn about new topics.
Write about what is read.
The student will continue to read a variety of fiction and nonfiction selections.
Identify the characteristics of folk tales.
Identify the characteristics of biographies and autobiographies.
Compare and contrast the characters described in two folk tales.
Compare and contrast the lives of two persons as described in biographies and/or autobiographies.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use effective communication skills in group activities.
Listen attentively by making eye contact, facing the speaker, asking questions, and paraphrasing what is said.
Listen for details, main idea, sequence, setting, and characters.
Ask and respond to questions from teachers and other group members.
Separate fact from opinion.
Predict the outcome.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
Explain what has been learned.
Participate as a contributor and leader in a group.
The student will present brief presentations and oral reports to inform and entertain.
Speak clearly.
Use appropriate volume and pitch.
Speak at an understandable rate.
Organize ideas sequentially or around major points of information.
Use clear and specific vocabulary to communicate ideas.
Use the telephone and take messages.
Make announcements.
Writing
The student will write descriptive paragraphs.
Develop a plan for writing using a variety of strategies.
Focus on a central idea.
Group related ideas.
Include descriptive details that elaborate the central idea.
Revise writing for clarity.
Write legibly in cursive.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
The student will write stories, letters, simple explanations, and short reports across all content areas.
Develop a plan for writing using a variety of planning strategies.
Organize information according to the type of writing.
Write in paragraphs organized into a clear beginning, middle, and ending.
Revise writing for specific vocabulary and information.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, punctuation, complete sentences, and spelling.
Use available technology.
Research
The student will record information from print and non-print resources and present findings in oral and written reports.
Use dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference books.
Use videos, interviews, and cassette recordings.
Use card catalogue.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Four
Reading/Literature
The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar words.
Use phonetic cues to decode meaning.
Use knowledge of word origins; synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms; multiple meanings of words, and sentence structure.
Use word-reference materials including the glossary, dictionary, and thesaurus.
The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of literary forms to include fiction and nonfiction, biographies and historical fiction.
Explain the author's purpose.
Make, confirm, and revise predictions.
Describe how the choice of language, setting, and information contributes to the author's purpose.
Compare the use of fact and fantasy in historical fiction with other forms of literature.
Explain how knowledge of the lives and experiences of individuals in history can relate to individuals who have similar goals or face similar challenges.
Use text organizers such as type, headings, and graphics to understand text.
Formulate questions that might be answered in the selection.
Identify the stated, inferred, or paraphrased main idea.
Make inferences using information from texts.
Paraphrase content of selection, identifying important details.
Write about what is read.
Identify elements of literature such as plot, character, setting, types of language, point of view, and theme.
Make inferences, determine cause and effect, summarize and paraphrase content, and draw conclusions.
The student will read, in addition to other literary forms, a variety of poetry.
Describe the rhyme scheme (approximate, end, and internal).
Identify the sensory words used and their effect on the reader.
Write rhymed, unrhymed, and patterned poetry.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use effective oral communication skills in a variety of settings.
Present accurate directions and convey information to individuals and small groups.
Contribute to group discussions.
Seek the ideas and opinions of others.
Begin to use evidence to support opinions.
Speak clearly using appropriate volume, tone, and rate.
Speak increasingly in standard English by applying appropriate grammar, usage, and vocabulary.
Express ideas orally with fluency, elaboration, and confidence.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
The student will ask questions to clarify viewpoints, to develop new understanding, and to view findings from various perspectives:
discussions
interviews
conferences
The student will make and listen to oral presentations and reports.
Use subject-related information and vocabulary.
Listen to and record information.
Demonstrate active listening skills and respond appropriately and accurately to oral information.
Organize information for clarity.
Speak in a variety of forms such as narrative, persuasive and explanation.
Use effective presentation skills.
Use props and other visual aides to enhance presentation.
Writing
The student will write effective narratives and explanations.
Focus on one aspect of a topic.
Develop a plan for writing.
Organize writing to convey a central idea.
Write several related paragraphs on the same topic.
Utilize elements of style, including word choice, tone, voice, and sentence variation.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
Use available technology.
The student will edit final copies of writings.
Use subject-verb agreement.
Avoid double negatives.
Use pronoun "I" correctly in compound subjects.
Write legibly.
Research
The student will use information resources to research a topic.
Construct questions about a topic.
Collect information, using the resources of the media center.
Evaluate and synthesize information for use in writing.
Use available technology.
Communicate the information and findings in written and oral forms.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Five
Reading/Literature
The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar words and phrases.
Use knowledge of root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
Use dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, and other word-reference materials.
Use phonetic cues to decode meanings.
Expand vocabulary through listening, reading and writing words which reflect both general knowledge and specific subject-related vocabulary.
Demonstrate independence in using phonetic, structural, and semantic strategies to read more difficult text.
The student will continue to read and demonstrate comprehension of a variety of literary forms,
including fiction, nonfiction, and poetry.
Describe character development in fiction and poetry selections.
Describe the development of plot, and explain how conflicts are resolved.
Describe the characteristics of free verse, rhymed, and patterned poetry.
Describe how author's choice of vocabulary and style contribute to the quality and enjoyment of selections.
Use text organizers to predict and categorize information.
Locate information to support opinions, predictions, and conclusions.
Identify cause-and-effect relationships.
Draw conclusions.
Compare and contrast ideas in a text and between different texts.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use effective nonverbal communication skills.
Maintain eye contact with listeners.
Use gestures to support, accentuate, or dramatize verbal message.
Use facial expressions to support or dramatize verbal message.
Use posture appropriate for communication setting.
The student will listen, draw conclusions, and share responses in subject-related group learning activities.
Participate in and contribute to discussions across content areas.
Organize information to present reports of group activities.
Summarize information gathered in group activities.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
The student will make planned oral presentations.
Determine appropriate content for type of presentation and for audience.
Organize content sequentially or around major ideas.
Summarize main points before or after presentation.
Incorporate visual aids to support the presentation.
Use various forms such as speeches, debates and panel discussions and use correct grammar, volume, rate, and tone.
Writing
The student will write for a variety of purposes to describe, to inform, to entertain, and to explain.
Choose planning strategies for various writing purposes.
Organize information.
Use vocabulary effectively.
Vary sentence structure.
Revise writing for clarity.
Write several related paragraphs using an effective introduction, body of the paper, and conclusion.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, spelling, and punctuation, especially the use of possessives and quotation marks.
Write legibly.
Use available technology.
Research
The student will synthesize information from a variety of appropriately selected resources.
Formulate questions to be answered.
Skim materials to develop a general overview of content or to locate specific information.
Develop notes that include important concepts, paraphrases, summaries, and identification of information sources.
Organize and record information on charts, maps, and graphs.
Use available electronic databases to access information.
Cite reference sources.
Continue to communicate the information and findings in written and oral forms.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Five
The student will demonstrate a basic understanding of computer theory, including bits, bytes, and binary logic.
The student will develop basic technology skills.
Develop a basic technology vocabulary that includes cursor, software, memory, disk drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM.
Select and use technology appropriate to tasks.
Develop basic keyboarding skills.
Operate peripheral devices.
Apply technologies to strategies for problem solving and critical thinking.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information using databases, CD-ROMs, videodiscs, and telecommunications.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered services to access information from electronic databases.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of various computer processing, storage, retrieval, and transmission techniques.
The student will communicate through application software.
Create a 1-2 page document using word processing skills, writing process steps, and publishing programs.
Use simple computer graphics and integrate graphics into word-processed documents.
Create simple databases and spreadsheets to manage information and create reports.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Six
Reading/Literature
The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar words and phrases.
Use knowledge of word origins, derivations and phonetic cues.
Use word-reference materials.
Demonstrate independence in using phonetic, structural, and semantic strategies to read more difficult text.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of a variety of selections.
Identify questions to be answered.
Make, confirm, or revise predictions as needed.
Recognize tone, mood and theme in works of literature.
Distinguish between main idea and supporting ideas in the text.
Distinguish between varying viewpoints and perspectives among texts.
Use context clues to read unfamiliar words.
Determine cause and effect and their impact on the plot, characters, outcome, theme, or main idea.
Draw conclusions and make inferences based on explicit and implied information.
Organize information for use in written and oral presentations.
Summarize or paraphrase what is read.
Compare and contrast information about one topic contained in different selections.
The student will read a variety of fiction (realistic, fantasy, historical, and biographical) and nonfiction (expository and argumentative).
Use knowledge of literary forms to aid comprehension and predict outcomes.
Describe how the author's style elicits emotional response from the reader.
Distinguish between first- and third-person point of view.
Compare and contrast authors' styles.
Explain how character and plot development are used in a selection to support a central conflict or story line.
The student will read and write a variety of poetry.
Describe the visual images created by language.
Describe how word choice, speaker, and imagery elicit a response from the reader.
Compare and contrast plot and character development in narrative poems, short stories, and longer fiction selections.
Listening and Speaking
The student will analyze oral participation in small-group activities.
Communicate as leader and contributor.
Evaluate own contributions to discussions.
Summarize and evaluate group activities.
Analyze the effectiveness of participant interactions.
The student will use effective speaking skills with a sense of audience and purpose.
Use correct grammar, volume, rate, and tone.
Express ideas orally with fluency, elaboration, and confidence.
Convey information clearly to others.
Analyze presentations based on self-evaluation and conferring with others.
The student will listen critically and express opinions in oral presentations.
Distinguish between facts and opinions.
Ask questions to clarify viewpoints.
Compare and contrast points of view.
Summarize main points after listening to a selection.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
Writing
The student will write narratives, descriptions, explanations and technical writings.
Use a variety of planning strategies to generate and organize ideas and information.
Establish central idea, organization, elaboration, and unity.
Select vocabulary and information to enhance the central idea, tone, and voice.
Expand and embed ideas by using modifiers, standard coordination, and subordination in complete sentences.
Use language appropriate for purpose and audience.
Revise writing for clarity and legibility,
Edit final copies for correct use of language: subject-verb and pronoun-antecedent agreement, consistent tense inflections, and adverb and adjective usage.
Edit final copies for writing mechanics: format, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
The student will use writing as a tool for learning in all subjects.
Make lists.
Paraphrase what is heard or read.
Summarize what is heard or read.
Hypothesize.
Connect knowledge within and across disciplines.
Synthesize information to construct new concepts.
Research
The student will select the best sources for a given purpose, including atlases, dictionaries, globes, interviews, telephone directories, encyclopedias, electronic databases, and the Reader's Guide.
Use strategies to evaluate information such as assessing usefulness, outlining, and cross referencing.
Combine and organize information from multiple sources.
Paraphrase selected information accurately.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Seven
Reading/Literature
The student will use analogies, idioms, similes, and metaphors to extend understanding of word meanings.
The student will read a variety of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry.
Describe and analyze setting, plot structure, characterization, purpose, point of view, and theme or conflict.
Analyze relationship between author's style, literary form, and intended impact on reader.
Describe connections between historical and cultural influences and literary selections.
Describe how word choice and language structure convey an author's viewpoint in selections such as newspaper and magazine articles and critical reviews.
The student will read and use strategies to understand information from varied sources.
Use knowledge of text structures to aid comprehension.
Make, confirm, or revise predictions as needed.
Distinguish fact from opinion in selections such as newspapers, magazines, and other print media.
Summarize and paraphrase what is read.
Organize and synthesize information for use in written and oral presentations.
Compare and contrast information from different selections.
The student will read a variety of poetry.
Compare and contrast the use of a speaker and the impact on the reader.
Describe the impact of specific word choices, such as jargon, dialect, multiple meanings, invented words, concrete or abstract terms, and sensory or figurative language.
Explain how sentence structure, line length, and punctuation convey mood or meaning of a poem.
Describe how rhythm contributes to the purpose or theme of a poem.
Compare and contrast the rhythm of poems with similar or dissimilar themes.
Listening and Speaking
The student will plan and deliver oral presentations, such as monologues, debates, panel discussions, dramatizations, and demonstrations.
Use oral vocabulary and style appropriate for listeners.
Communicate ideas and information orally in an organized and succinct manner.
Ask probing questions to seek elaboration and clarification of ideas.
Make supportive statements to communicate agreement or acceptance of others' ideas.
Confer with others to evaluate and revise spoken products.
The student will identify the relationship between a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages.
Use verbal communication skills, such as word choice, pitch, feeling, tone, and voice.
Use nonverbal communication skills, such as eye contact, posture, and gestures.
Compare/contrast a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages.
The student will identify persuasive messages in non-print media, including television, radio, and films.
Identify persuasive technique used.
Distinguish between fact and opinion.
Writing
The student will develop narrative, expository, persuasive, and technical writings.
Apply knowledge of prewriting strategies.
Elaborate the central idea in an organized manner.
Choose vocabulary and information that will cause a reader to perceive images and tone.
Use clauses and phrases to embed context into sentences.
Revise writing for clarity.
Edit final copies to ensure correct use of elements such as homonyms, pronoun-antecedent agreement, subject-verb agreement, and verb tense consistency.
Edit final copies to ensure correct spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and format.
Evaluate, revise, and edit writing through self-evaluation and by conferring with others.
Use available technology.
The student will write in a variety of formats including stories, poems, plays, essays, and research projects.
Research
The student will apply knowledge of resources and conduct research in preparing written and oral presentations.
Use print and electronic sources to locate books and articles.
Use a thesaurus to select more exact descriptive, specific, or effective vocabulary for writing.
Use graphic organizers to organize information.
Use note-taking, annotating, multiple drafts, and list of sources.
Cite reference sources.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Eight
Reading/Literature
The student will apply knowledge of word origins, derivations, and idioms and will use analogies, metaphors, similes, denotations and connotations to extend vocabulary development.
The student will apply knowledge of the characteristics and elements of various literary forms,
including short stories, essays, speeches, lyric and narrative poems, plays, and novels.
Explain the use of symbols and figurative language.
Describe inferred main ideas or themes.
Describe cause-effect relationships and their impact on plot.
Describe and evaluate how authors use characters, point of view, mood, and tone to create meaning.
Analyze similarities and differences between texts and authors.
Compare and contrast the use of the poetic elements of word choice, dialogue, rhyme, rhythm, and voice.
Explain how a literary selection can expand or enrich personal viewpoints or experiences.
The student will comprehend what is read from a variety of sources.
Draw on background knowledge and knowledge of text structure to understand selections.
Analyze details for relevance and accuracy.
Analyze important elements and evaluate relationships by examining and determining validity, bias, purpose and audience, and statements of opinion.
Read and follow instructions to assemble a model or simple structure.
Evaluate and synthesize information to apply in written and oral presentations.
The student will analyze mass media messages.
Identify the persuasive technique being used.
Describe the possible cause-effect relationships between mass media coverage and public opinion trends.
Evaluate selections such as advertisements, editorials, and feature stories for relationships between intent and factual content.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use interviewing techniques to gain information.
Prepare and ask relevant questions for the interview.
Listen critically and make notes of responses.
Compare, contrast, and defend different point of view.
Recognize propaganda.
Compile and report responses.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the interview.
The student will speak in a variety of forms with a sense of audience and purpose.
Ask questions to clarify viewpoints and develop understanding.
Plan and deliver oral presentations and express ideas in a variety of forms to different audiences.
Respond to audience questions.
Present information creatively using dramatic presentations and/or video productions.
Confer with others to evaluate and revise spoken products.
Writing
The student will write in a variety of forms, including narrative, expository and persuasive writings.
Use prewriting strategies to generate and organize ideas.
Focus on elaboration and organization.
Select specific vocabulary and information.
Use standard sentence formation, eliminating comma splices and other nonstandard forms of sentences that distract readers.
Revise writing for word choice, appropriate organization, consistent point of view, and transitions among paragraphs.
Edit final copies to ensure correct use of pronoun case, verb tense inflections, and adjective and adverb comparisons.
Edit final copies to ensure correct spelling, capitalization, punctuation, and format.
Use available technology.
Research
The student will continue applying knowledge of resources and conducting research in preparing written and oral presentations.
Select and focus on one aspect of a topic.
Select appropriate sources to support central ideas, concepts, and themes.
Use skimming and scanning techniques to gather information.
Use note-taking, annotating, multiple drafts, and list of sources for research projects.
Combine information from variety of sources, text and electronic.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Eight
The student will communicate through application software.
Compose and edit a multipage document at the keyboard, using word processing skills and the writing process steps.
Communicate spreadsheets by entering data and setting up formulas, analyzing data, and creating graphs or charts to visually represent data.
Communicate with databases by defining fields and entering data, sorting. and producing reports in various forms.
Use advanced publishing software, graphics programs, and scanners to produce page layouts.
Integrate databases, graphics, and spreadsheets into word-processed documents.
The student will communicate through networks and telecommunication.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Develop hypermedia-home page-documents that can be accessed by worldwide networks.
The student will have a basic understanding of computer processing, storing, retrieval, and transmission technologies and a practical appreciation of the relevant advantages and disadvantages of various processing, storage, retrieval, and transmission technologies.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs to retrieve and select relevant information.
Use laser discs with a computer in an interactive mode.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered services to access and retrieve information from electronic databases.
Use databases to perform research.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Nine
Reading/Literature
The student will read and analyze a variety of literature.
Identify the characteristics that distinguish literary forms.
Use literary terms in describing and analyzing selections.
Explain the relationships between and among elements of literature: characters, plot, setting, tone, point of view, and theme.
Explain the relationship between author's style and literary effect.
Describe the use of images and sounds to elicit the reader's emotions.
Explain the influence of historical context on the form, style, and point of view of a written work.
The student will read and analyze a variety of print materials.
Identify a hypothesis to be confirmed, disproved, or modified.
Evaluate clarity and accuracy of information.
Synthesize information from sources and apply it in written and oral presentations.
Identify questions not answered by a selected text.
Extend general and specialized vocabulary through reading and writing.
Read and follow instructions to perform tasks such as use computer software, assemble or construct models or equipment, or complete a project.
The student will read dramatic selections.
Identify the two basic parts of drama.
Compare and contrast the elements of character, setting, and plot in one-act plays and full-length plays.
Describe how stage directions help the reader understand a play's setting, mood, characters, plot, and theme.
The student will read and follow instructions for performing a specific task such as complete an application for employment or college admission.
Listening and Speaking
The student will present and critique dramatic readings of literary selections.
Choose literary form for presentation, such as poems, monologues, scenes from plays, or stories.
Adapt presentation techniques to fit literary form.
Use verbal and nonverbal techniques for presentation.
Evaluate impact of presentation.
The student will make planned oral presentations.
Include definitions to increase clarity.
Use relevant details to support main ideas.
Illustrate main ideas through anecdotes and examples.
Cite information sources.
Make impromptu responses to questions about presentation.
Evaluate impact of presentation.
The student will listen to the speaker to gather and interpret information and analyze for accuracy, bias, and speaker's intent and purpose.
Writing
The student will develop narrative, literary, expository, and technical writings to inform, explain, analyze, or entertain.
Plan and organize writing.
Communicate clearly the purpose of the writing.
Write clear, varied sentences.
Use specific vocabulary and information.
Arrange paragraphs into a logical progression.
Revise writing for clarity.
Demonstrate use of written standard English by using expanded vocabulary.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze, and evaluate the ideas of others.
The student will use technology.
Use word processing routinely to produce products.
Begin to develop desk-top publishing skills.
Research
The student will analyze and synthesize information from a variety of sources to produce reports and papers.
Formulate research questions.
Select and evaluate sources.
Narrow a topic.
Synthesize information from a variety of sources.
Cite sources.
The student will credit the sources of both quoted and paraphrased ideas.
Define the meaning and consequences of plagiarism.
Distinguish one's own ideas from information created or discovered by others.
Use a style sheet method for citing secondary sources, such as MLA or APA.
The student will use electronic databases to access information.
Identify key terms.
Narrow the focus of a search.
Scan and select resources.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Ten
Reading/Literature
The student will read and critique literary works from a variety of eras in a variety of cultures.
Explain similarities and differences of structures and images as represented in the literature of different cultures.
Identify universal themes prevalent in the literature of all cultures.
Describe cultural archetypes in short stories, novels, poems, and plays across several cultures.
Examine a literary selection from several critical perspectives.
The student will read and interpret printed consumer materials.
Identify essential information needed to operate specific tools, appliances, technology hardware, or other equipment.
Analyze the information contained in warranties, contracts, job descriptions, and technical descriptions.
Skim manuals or consumer texts to locate information.
Compare and contrast product information contained in advertisements with instruction manuals and warranties.
Apply the information contained in labels, warnings, manuals, directions, applications, and forms to complete simulated or real-world tasks.
The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
Compare and contrast the use of rhyme, rhythm, and sound to convey a message.
Compare and contrast the ways in which poets inspire the reader to share emotions expressed in poems.
Paraphrase the meaning of selected poems.
The student will read and critique dramatic selections.
Explain the use of asides.
Explain the role of a director.
Compare and contrast character development in a play as compared to other literary forms.
Listening and Speaking
The student will create and deliver oral presentations for specific audiences.
Choose appropriate form for presentations such as speech. monologue, debate, scene from play, video.
Illustrate ideas through anecdotes and examples.
Reply with appropriate impromptu responses to questions in formal and informal situations.
Evaluate impact of oral presentations.
The student will continue to listen to the speaker to gather and interpret information and analyze for accuracy, bias, and speaker's intent and purpose.
The student will participate in and report small-group learning activities.
Assume responsibility for specific tasks.
Participate in the preparation of an outline or summary of the group activity.
Include all group members in oral presentation.
The student will critique oral reports of small-group learning activities.
Evaluate one's own role in preparation and delivery of oral reports.
Evaluate effectiveness of group process in preparation and delivery of oral reports.
Writing
The student will develop a variety of writings with an emphasis on exposition.
Plan and organize ideas for writing.
Elaborate ideas clearly through word choice and vivid description.
Write clear, varied sentences.
Organize ideas into a logical sequence.
Revise writing for clarity and content of presentation.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
Use available technology.
The student will compose in a variety of forms such as personal writing, stories, poems, skits, expository texts, business letters, memos, persuasive pieces, e-mail.
The student will critique professional and peer writing.
Analyze the writing of others.
Describe how writing accomplishes its intended purpose.
Suggest how writing might be improved.
Apply knowledge of critical analysis to writing.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze, and evaluate ideas.
Explain concepts contained in literature and other disciplines.
Translate concepts into simpler or more easily understood terms.
Research
The student will collect, evaluate, and organize information to produce reports and papers.
Organize information from a variety of sources.
Formulate research questions.
Narrow a topic.
Verify the accuracy and usefulness of information.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Eleven
Reading/Literature
The student will read and analyze relationships among American literature, history, and culture.
Describe contributions of different cultures to the development of American literature.
Describe the development of American literature in the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.
Contrast periods in American literature.
Differentiate among archetypal characters in American literature.
Describe the major themes in American literature.
Describe how use of context and language structures conveys an author's point of view in contemporary and historical essays, speeches, and critical reviews.
Examine a literary selection from several critical perspectives.
The student will read a variety of print material including classical literature, contemporary literature, works from various cultures, and real-world texts.
Use information from texts to clarify or refine understanding of academic concepts.
Evaluate the impact of literary elements such as conflict, irony, images, and figures of speech.
Read and follow directions to complete an application for college admission, a scholarship, or for employment.
Read and follow directions to complete a laboratory experiment.
Extend general and specialized vocabularies for reading and writing.
Generalize ideas from selections to make predictions about other texts.
Evaluate the quality and usefulness of informational texts and technical manuals.
The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
Analyze the poetic elements of classic poems.
Identify the poetic elements and techniques that are most appealing and that make poetry enjoyable.
Compare and contrast the works of contemporary and past American poets.
The student will read a variety of dramatic selections in addition to other literary forms.
Describe the relationship between farce and characterization.
Describe the dramatic conventions or devices used by playwrights to present selected plays.
Explain the use of monologue and soliloquy.
Explain the use of verbal and dramatic irony.
Listening and Speaking
The student will create and deliver persuasive oral presentations for specific audiences.
Organize evidence to support a position.
Present evidence clearly and convincingly.
Support and defend ideas and thoughts in public forums.
Choose appropriate form for presentations such as speech, monologue, debate, scene from play.
Illustrate ideas through anecdotes and examples.
The student will analyze and evaluate persuasive presentations.
Critique the accuracy, relevance, and organization of evidence.
Critique the clarity and effectiveness of delivery.
The student will listen to the speaker to gather and interpret information.
Writing
The student will write in a variety of forms with an emphasis on persuasion.
Develop a focus for writing.
Evaluate and cite applicable information.
Organize ideas in a logical manner.
Elaborate ideas clearly and accurately.
Adapt content, vocabulary, voice, and tone to audience, purpose, and situation.
Revise writing for accuracy and depth of information.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
The student will write, revise, and edit personal and business correspondence to a standard acceptable in the work place and higher education.
Apply a variety of planning strategies to generate and organize ideas.
Organize information to support the purpose of the writing.
Present information in a logical manner.
Revise writing for clarity.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
Use available technology.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze and evaluate the ideas of others.
Research
The student will analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and organize information from a variety of sources into a documented paper dealing with a question, problem, or issue.
Narrow a topic.
Develop a plan for research.
Collect information to support a thesis.
Evaluate quality and accuracy of information.
Synthesize information in a logical sequence.
Distinguish one's own ideas from those of others.
Document sources of information using a style sheet format, such as MLA or APA.
Revise writing for clarity of content.
Edit final copy for correct use of language. format. spelling. punctuation. and capitalization.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Twelve
Reading/Literature
The student will identify universal themes in the literature of all cultures and relate to personal experience.
The student will analyze the development of British literature and literature of other cultures.
Recognize major literary forms and techniques.
Recognize the characteristics of major chronological eras.
Relate literary works and authors to major themes and issues of their eras.
Examine a literary selection from several critical perspectives.
The student will read a variety of print material.
Identify information needed to conduct a laboratory experiment or product evaluation.
Draw conclusions regarding the quality of a product based on analysis of the accompanying warranty and instruction manual.
Evaluate the quality of informational texts and technical manuals.
Read and follow instructions to install a software program.
The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
Explain how the choice of words in a poem fits the speaker.
Explain how the sound of a poem (rhyme, rhythm, onomatopoeia, repetition, alliteration, assonance, and parallelism) supports the subject and mood.
Explain how imagery and figures of speech (personification, simile, metaphor) appeal to the reader's senses and experience.
Compare and contrast traditional and contemporary works of poets from many cultures.
The student will read and critique dramatic selections from a variety of authors.
Describe the conflict, plot, climax, and setting.
Compare and contrast ways in which dialogue and staging contribute to the theme.
Identify the most effective elements of selected plays.
Compare and contrast dramatic elements of plays from American, British, and other cultures.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use verbal and nonverbal presentation skills to deliver 5-10 minute formal oral presentations.
Choose the purpose of the presentation: to defend a position, to entertain an audience, or to explain information.
Use a well -structured narrative or logical argument.
Use details, illustrations, statistics, comparisons, and analogies to support purposes.
Use visual aids or technology to support presentation.
The student will analyze and evaluate formal presentations.
Critique relationships among purpose, audience, and content of presentations.
Critique effectiveness of presentations.
The student will listen to the speaker to gather and interpret information.
Writing
The student will develop expository and technical writings.
Consider audience and purpose when planning for writing.
Present ideas in a logical sequence.
Elaborate ideas clearly and accurately.
Revise writing for depth of information and technique of presentation.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization.
The student will continue to write, revise, and edit personal and business correspondence to a standard acceptable in the work place and/or higher education.
Complete applications.
Develop resumes.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze and evaluate the ideas of others.
Research
The student will write documented research papers.
Evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of information.
Synthesize information to support the thesis.
Present information in a logical manner.
Distinguish one's own ideas from those of others.
Cite sources of information using a standard method of documentation.
Edit for correct use of language, capitalization, punctuation, and spelling in final copies.
Use available technology.
Science Standards of Learning - Kindergarten
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand basic needs and life processes of plants and animals. Key concepts include
living things change as they grow and need food, water, and air to survive;
plants and animals live and die (go through a life cycle); and
offspring of plants and animals are similar but not identical to their parents and one another.
The student will investigate and understand that change occurs over time, and rates may be fast or slow. Key concepts include
natural and human-made things may change over time; and
changes can be noted and measured.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate and understand simple patterns in his/her daily life. Key concepts include
weather observations;
the shapes and forms of many common natural objects including seeds, cones, and leaves;
animal and plant growth; and
home and school routines.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that water has properties that can be observed and tested. Key concepts include
water occurs in different forms (solid, liquid, gas);
the natural flow of water is downhill; and
some materials float in water while others sink.
The student will investigate and understand that shadows occur when light is blocked by an object.
Key concepts include
shadows occur in nature when sunlight is blocked by an object; and
shadows can be produced by blocking artificial light sources.
The student will investigate and understand that magnets have an effect on some materials, make some things move without touching them, and have useful applications. Key concepts include
push/pull, attract/repel, and metal/non-metal; and
useful applications (refrigerator magnet, can opener, magnetized screwdriver).
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand that materials can be reused, recycled, and conserved. Key concepts include
identifying materials and objects that can be used over and over again;
describing everyday materials that can be recycled; and
explaining how to conserve water and energy at home and in school.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will conduct investigations in which
basic properties of objects are identified by direct observation;
observations are made from multiple positions to achieve different perspectives;
set of objects is sequenced according to size;
set of objects is separated into two groups based on a single physical attribute;
picture graphs are constructed using 10 or fewer units;
nonstandard units are used to measure common objects;
an unseen member in a sequence of objects is predicted;
a question is developed from one or more observations;
objects are described both pictorially and verbally; and
unusual or unexpected results in an activity are recognized.
The student will investigate and understand that humans have senses including sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste. Senses allow one to seek, find, take in, and react or respond to information in order to learn about one's surroundings. Key concepts include
five senses (taste, touch, smell, hearing, and sight);
sensing organs associated with each of the senses (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin); and
sensory descriptors (sweet, sour, bitter, salty, rough, smooth, hard, soft, cold, warm, hot, loud, soft, high, low, bright, dull).
Science Standards of Learning - Grade One
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand that plants have life needs and functional parts and can be classified according to certain characteristics. Key concepts include
needs (food, air, water, light, and a place to grow);
parts (seeds, roots, stems, leaves, blossom, fruit); and
characteristics: edible/nonedible, flowering/nonflowering, evergreen/deciduous.
The student will investigate and understand that animals, including people, have life needs and specific physical characteristics and survival behaviors and can be classified according to certain characteristics. The student will construct classification schemes for living and non-living things and determine basic needs, relationships, and functions of living things including interpreting food chain. Key concepts include
life needs (air, food, water, and a suitable place to live);
physical characteristics (body coverings, body shape, appendages, and methods of movement); and
characteristics (wild/tame, habitats such as water homes/land homes, interactions with other living things and with their environment).
The student will observe similarities and differences in the growth and development of living things throughout their life cycles and will observe the growth and development of a 121ant from seed or an animal from birth.
Area 11. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, identify, describe, and understand the basic relationships between the sun, the moon, and the Earth. Key concepts include
the sun is the source of heat and light that warms the land, air, and water;
the apparent movement of the sun and moon;
night and day are caused by the rotation of the Earth; and
the seasons.
The student will investigate and understand the relationship of seasonal change and weather to the activities and life processes of plants and animals. Key concepts include
how temperature (hot and cold), light, and precipitation bring about changes in plants
growth, budding, falling leaves, wilting);
animals (behaviors, hibernation, migration, body covering, habitat);
people (dress, recreation, work); and
simple charts and picturegraphs of weather conditions, including wind, rain, snow and
clouds.
The student will identify and describe major features of the earth (mountains, deserts, oceans, lakes, and rivers) and demonstrate that earth materials (rock, minerals, water, soil, fossils) have unique properties.
Area III. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that moving objects exhibit different kinds of motion. Key concepts include
objects may have straight, circular, and back and forth motions;
objects vibrate;
forces that affect common object (pushes or pulls can change the movement of an object); and
the motion of objects may be observed in toys and in playground activities.
The student will investigate and understand how different common materials interact with water. Key concepts include
some common liquids (vinegar) mix with water, others (oil) will not;
some everyday solids (baking soda, powdered drink mix, sugar, salt) will dissolve,
others (sand, soil, rocks) will not; and
some substances will dissolve easily in hot water rather than cold water.
The student will describe, compare, measure, and classify common physical properties of matter.
Identify objects as solid, liguid and gas and recognize that matter can be changed in form.
Identify, describe, make and separate simple mixtures.
The student will examine how forms of energy Oight, sound, heat) are involved in common events.
Identify common examples of light, heat, and sound and their sources.
Observe the affects of light energy on plants and animals.
Generate sounds using vibrations.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand that natural resources are limited and that living things can change the environment. Key concepts include
identification of natural resources and the ways people use them (plants and animals, water, air, land, minerals, forests, elements, fossil fuels, and soil);
factors that affect air and water quality;
recycling, reusing, and reducing consumption of natural resources; and
use of land as parks and recreational facilities and use of deserts, oceans and cities.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which differences in physical properties are observed using the senses and simple instruments to enhance observations (magnifying glass);
objects or events are classified and arranged according to attributes or properties;
observations and data are communicated orally and with simple graphs, pictures, written statements, and numbers;
length, mass, and volume are measured using standard and nonstandard units;
inferences are made and conclusions are drawn about familiar objects and events;
predictions are based on patterns of observation rather than random guesses; and
simple experiments are conducted to answer questions.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate, interpret, and understand that living things are part of a system and interact with each other and with the environment, includiniz the food chain. Key concepts include
living organisms are interdependent with their living and nonliving surroundings;
habitats change over time due to many influences;
characteristics and behaviors of plants and animals that help them to survive in
specific environments; and
living things can cause changes in the environment over time.
The student will investigate and understand that plants and animals go through a series of orderly changes in their life cycles. Key concepts include
some animals (frogs and butterflies) go through distinct stages during their lives while others generally resemble their parents;
flowering plants undergo many changes from the formation of the flower to the development of the fruit; and
using appropriate instruments to measure growth.
The student will describe the basic needs and functions, similarities and differences of living things.
The student will construct classification schemes describing the characteristics for living and non-living things.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate and understand basic types and patterns of weather. Key concepts include
the major processes associated with the water cycle (precipitation, evaporation, and
cloud formation);
temperature, wind, condensation, precipitation, drought, flood, and storms; and
the uses and importance of measuring and recording weather data;
measure and record temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius and make simple graphs of observed weather data.
The student will investigate and understand that environmental conditions, including weather and seasonal change, affect plants, animals, and their surroundings. Key concepts include
effects on growth and behavior of living things (shedding, migration,
estimation, hibernation, camouflage, adaptation, dormancy); and
weathering and erosion of the land surface.
The student will identify and describe major features of the earth, using models and classify earth materials according to their unique properties.
The student will identify and describe basic observable characteristics of the sun, moon and the earth. Include phases of moon, color, relative position and size of moon and sun.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will make and separate simple mixtures and will investigate, describe. compare, classify and understand basic properties of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. Key concepts
mass and volume; and
processes involved with changes in matter from one state to another (condensation, evaporation, melting, boiling, freezing, expanding, and contracting).
The student will investigate, identify, and understand different types of forces and their effect on common objects. Key concepts include
natural and artificial magnets have certain characteristics and attract specific types of metals;
magnetism, iron, magnetic/nonmagnetic, opposites, poles, attract/repel;
important applications including the magnetic compass; and
concepts of gravity, friction and push/pull.
The student will explore, describe and examine how forms of energy (light, sound, heat) are involved in common events by identifying how light energy affects plants and animals, measuring temperatures in Fahrenheit and Celsius and investigating ways to generate different sounds.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and describe ways in which people use resources of the earth, including water, air, soil, minerals, elements, plants, animals and fossil fuels and classify resources as renewable or non renewable. The student will communicate ways of conserving and protecting energy and natural resources.
The student will describe ways people interact with the environment and describe different types of environments including deserts, ponds, oceans, rain forests, and cities.
The student will recognize how technology develops as a result of human needs and exploration and identify machines that have been developed.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
observations are repeated to improve accuracy;
two or more attributes are used to classify items;
pictures and bar graphs are constructed using numbered axes;
length, volume, mass, and temperature measurements are made in metric (centimeters, meters, liters, degrees Celsius, grams, kilograms) and standard English units (inches, feet, yards, pints, quarts, gallons, degrees Fahrenheit, ounces, pounds);
observation is differentiated from personal interpretation, and conclusions are drawn based on observations;
simple physical models are constructed;
conditions that influence a change are defined; and
unexpected or unusual quantitative data are recognized.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand relationships among organisms and their environments in aquatic and terrestrial food chains. Key concepts include
producer, consumer, decomposer;
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore; and
predator - prey.
The student will investigate and understand that environments support a diversity of plants and animals that share limited resources. Key concepts include
ùwater-related environments (pond, marshland, swamp, stream, river, and ocean environments);
dry-land environments (desert, grassland, rainforest, and forest environments);
population and community; and
environments that change due to changes in populations and behaviors of specific orizanisms.
The student will investigate, predict how, and understand that behavioral and physical adaptations allow animals to respond to life needs and functions and changing environmental conditions. Key concepts include
methods of gathering and storing food, finding shelter, defending themselves, and rearing young; effects of natural forces: wind, rain, water, air, sunlight, temperature; how animals and plants adjust to changing weather conditions; and
hibernation, migration, camouflage, mimicry, instinct, and learned behavior.
The student will compare and describe growth of living things based on observations and measurements over time, including stages of development and life cycles.
The student will construct classification schemes for non-living and living things.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will demonstrate, classify, state similarities and differences of the major components of soil, its origin, and importance to plants and animals including humans and understand that earth materials (rocks, minerals, water, soil, fossils) have unique properties. Key concepts include
soil provides the support and nutrients necessary for plant growth;
topsoil is a natural product of subsoil and bedrock;
rock, clay, silt, sand, and humus are components of soils; and
soil is a natural resource and should be conserved.
The student will investigate and understand weather conditions. Key concepts include
the origin of energy that drives the water cycle;
the water cycle's relationship to life on Earth;
processes involved in the water cycle (evaporation, condensation, precipitation);
water supply and water conservation; and
wind direction, temperature and precipitation.
The student will describe how the energy from the sun affects the earth by identifying the effects of the sun on the earth.
The student will compare characteristics of and understand basic sequences and cycles occurring in nature. Key concepts include
sequences of natural events (day and night, time of day, seasonal changes including changes in climate, phases of the moon, and tides);
animal and plant life cycles; and
the apparent movement of the sun and moon.
The student will identify and describe major features of the earth by locating features on maps and constructing models that illustrate these features.
Area Ill. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand different sources of energy. Key concepts include
the sun's ability to produce light and heat energy;
natural forms of energy (sunlight, water, wind);
fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and wood;
electricity, nuclear power;
renewable and nonrenewable resources.
The student will investigate and understand forces that affect common objects including simple machines and their uses. Key concepts include
types of simple machines (lever, screw, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, and wedge);
how simple machines function;
examples of simple machines found in the school, home, and work environment;
gravity causing things to fall; and
friction slowing objects down.
The student will investigate and understand that objects can be described in terms of the materials they are made of and their physical properties and can be measured and classified according to those properties. Key concepts include
objects are made of smaller parts;
materials are composed of parts that are too small to be seen without magnification;
physical properties remain the same as the material is reduced in size; and
describe the effects of using magnifying glasses.
The student will explore and examine how forms of energy (light, sound, heat) are involved in
common events. Key concepts include
light (solar) energy affects plants and animals;
causes and processes of shadow and reflection;
conclusions are drawn based on observations of thermometer readings;
different types of sounds can be generated and can be described based
on characteristics such as pitch and volume; and
sources of energy, including batteries.
The student will describe chanizes and causes for chanizes in matter (solids, liguids, and gases) and will identify common physical and chemical changes.
Observe and describe phase changes. Relate to temperature changes and the
reversibility of the process; and
Describe, make and separate the ingredients of mixtures.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate, communicate and understand that natural events and human influences can affect the survival of species and natural resources of the earth. Key concepts include
the interdependency of plants and animals;
human effects on the guality of air, water, and habitat;
the different decay rates of materials in landfills;
the effects of fire, flood, disease, erosion, earthquake, drought, fuel depletion, and
volcanic eruption on organisms;
conservation, resource renewal, habitat management, and species monitoring; and
living things can cause changes in the environment over time.
The student will recognize that technology is the gpplication of scientific knowledge and understand how it develops as a result of human needs and exploration.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
questions are developed to formulate hypotheses;
predictions and observations are made;
data are gathered, charted, and graphed;
objects with similar characteristics are classified into at least two sets and two subsets;
inferences are made and conclusions are drawn;
natural events are sequenced chronologically;
length is measured to the nearest centimeter;
mass is measured to the nearest gram;
volume is measured to the nearest milliliter and liter;
temperature is measured to the nearest degree Celsius; and
time is measured to the nearest minute.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Four
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand basic plant anatomy and life processes. Key concepts include
the structures of typical plants (leaves, stems, roots, and flowers);
processes and structures involved with reproduction (pollination, stamen, pistil, sepal, embryo, spore, and seed);
photosynthesis (chlorophyll, carbon dioxide); and
dormancy.
The student will investigate and understand how plants and animals in an ecosystem interact with one another and the nonliving environment and will classify them in plant or animal kingdoms. Key concepts include
behavioral and structural adaptations;
organization of communities;
flow of energy through food webs, including the dynamics, roles, and interactions of predator-prey, consumers, producer, decomposer;
habitats and niches;
importance of fossils of plants and animals;
life cycles; and
the impact of the environment on populations of organisms and influence of human activity on ecosystems.
Area 11. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, describe, and understand how weather conditions and phenomena occur and can be predicted. Key concepts include
weather factors and the effects of weather phenomena (temperature, air pressure, fronts, formation and type of clouds, wind, lightning, precipitation, and storms, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards); and
meteorological tools (barometer, hygrometer, anemometer, rain gauge, and thermometer)
The student will investigate, describe, and understand the relationships among the Earth, moon, and sun including parts of the solar system, planets, moons, comets, meteors, and asteroids using Models. Key concepts include
the motions of the Earth, moon, and sun (revolution and rotation);
the phases of the moon;
the effects of heat from the sun on various Earth materials;
the relative size, position, and makeup of the Earth, moon, and sun; and
unique properties of the Earth as a planet and as part of the solar system.
The student will compare the geological features of South Carolina to each other and to those of the United States. Key concepts include:
land features compared to those on the ocean floor; and
bodies of water such as oceans, rivers, estuaries, and lakes.
The student will classify rocks based on their charactersitics.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that energy is needed to do work and that machines make work easier. Key concepts include
energy forms (electrical, mechanical, and chemical energy) and their sources (fossil fuels, wood, wind, water, and solar);
potential and kinetic energy;
simple and complex machines; and
efficiency, friction, and inertia.
The student will investigate, and understand the characteristics of electricity including drawing and building simple circuits. Key concepts include
the nature of electricity (conductors and insulators);
circuits (open/closed, parallel/series);
magnetism and magnetic fields (including the earth's magnetic field and how like poles revel and unlike poles attract); and
static electricity.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand, important South Carolina natural resources and describe the effects of pollutants on these resources. Key concepts include
watershed and water resources;
animals and plants, both domesticated and wild;
minerals, rocks, ores, and energy sources; and
forests, soil, and land.
The student will describe how renewable resources are used in South Carolina to produce energy for human populations.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
distinctions are made among observations, conclusions (inferences), and predictions;
data are classified to create frequency distributions;
appropriate metric measures are used to collect, record, and report data;
appropriate instruments are selected to measure linear distance (length), volume, mass, and temperature;
predictions are made based on data from picture graphs, bar graphs, and basic line graphs;
hypotheses are formulated based on cause and effect relationships;
variables that must be held constant in an experimental situation are defined; and
numerical data that are contradictory or unusual in experimental results are recognized.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Five
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate, describe and understand major structures in plant and animal cells and organisms are made of cells and have distinguishing characteristics. The student will compare and contrast orizanisms within plant and animal kingdoms. Key concepts include
parts of a cell;
vascular and nonvascular plants; and
vertebrates and invertebrates.
The student will identify and describe how organisms from the plant and animal kingdoms may adapt structurally, functionally, and behaviorally to different environments including adaptation over time, the impact of the environment and the relationship among organisms.
The student will describe the formation of fossils of plants and animals.
Area 11. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, describe, and understand how the Earth's surface is constantly changing. Key concepts include
the rock cycle including the identification and classification of rock types and soils;
Earth history and fossil evidence;
the basic structure of the Earth's landforms and the processes that formed them;
earthquakes and volcanoes;
weathering, erosion and deposition including causes such as water, wind, and ice; and
human impact.
The student will investigate and understand characteristics of the ocean environment and fresh water. Key concepts include
geological characteristics (continental shelf, slope, rise);
physical characteristics (depth, salinity, major currents);
biological characteristics (ecosystems); and
public policy decisions related to the ocean environment (assessment of marine organism populations, pollution prevention).
The student will explain the pattern of weather movement across the countly (including fronts).
The student will identify the apparent movement of the constellations in relation to the earth.
Area III. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate, compare, and understand that matter is anything that has mass; takes up space; and occurs as a solid, liquid, or gas. Key concepts include
mixtures and solutions;
differences between solids, liquids, and gases and mixtures in terms of volume, shape, mass, area, solubility, weight; and
effect of temperature on the states of matter, including the boiling point and freezing point of water.
The student will investigate and understand how sound is transmitted and is used as a means of communication. Key concepts include
frequency, waves, wavelength, resonance, vibration;
the ability of different media (solids, liquids, gases) to transmit sound; and
communication tools (voice, Morse code, sonar, animal sounds, musical instruments).
The student will investigate and understand basic characteristics of white light. Key concepts include
the visible spectrum, light waves, reflection, refraction, opaque, transparent, translucent;
optical tools (eyeglasses, lenses, flashlight, camera, kaleidoscope, binoculars, microscope, light boxes, telescope, prism, spectroscope, mirrors); and
historical contributions in understanding light.
The student will observe and describe motion in terms of energy transfer and speed, including, change in motion as materials vary and the effect of push/pull and gravity or friction on objects; and various motions such as constant velocity, vibrations, oscillations and acceleration as objects move down or up hills.
The student will draw, build, and explain oRen and closed parallel and series circuits.
The student will explain how potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
Applications
The student will distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources and explain ways that non-renewable resources are used to produce energy.
The student will describe the pattern of human population growth throughout history.
The student will describe the impact of industrial technologies on sociely and the environment including identifying agricultural technologies that have increased food yields and describe ways in which these technologies have altered the environment.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
appropriate instruments are selected and used for making quantitative observations of length, mass, volume, and elapsed time;
rocks, minerals, and organisms are identified using a classification key;
data are collected, recorded, and reported using the appropriate graphical representation (graphs, charts, diagrams);
accurate measurements are made using basic tools (thermometer, meter stick, balance, graduated cylinder);
predictions are made using patterns, and simple graphical data are extrapolated; and
estimations of length, mass, and volume are made.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Five
The student will demonstrate a basic understanding of computer theory including bits, bytes, and binary logic.
The student will develop basic technology skills.
Develop a basic technology vocabulary that includes cursor, software, memory, disk drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM.
Select and use technology appropriate to tasks.
Develop basic keyboarding skills.
Operate peripheral devices.
Apply technologies to strategies for problem solving and critical thinking.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information using databases, CD-ROMs, videodiscs, and telecommunications.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered services to access information from electronic databases.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of various computer processing. storage, retrieval, and transmission techniques.
The student will communicate through application software.
Create a 1-2 page document using word processing skills, writing process steps, and publishing programs.
Use simple computer graphics and integrate graphics into word-processed documents.
Create simple databases and spreadsheets to manage information and create reports.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Six
Area I. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand that organisms depend on other organisms (such as in food pyramids) and the nonliving components (such as water, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide/oxygen cycles) of the environment.
The student will describe, compare and contrast organisms within each kingdom. Key concepts include
the functions of each of the maior structures in both plant and animal cells;
adaptation of orszanisms structurally, functionally and behaviorally;
fossil animals and plants with living animals and plants; and
different staizes of development occurring in organisms over time.
Describe the impact of changes in predator - prey populations on the community, including food webs.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, understand, and describe constellations and stars, the characteristics and organization of the solar system and the relationships and movement among the various bodies that comprise it. Key concepts include
the, sun, moon, Earth, other planets and their moons, meteo rs, asteroids, and comets;
relative size of and distance between c6moonents-of the solar system includinp, the planets;
the role of gravity;
revolution and rotation;
the mechanics of day and night and phases of the moon;
the cause of tides; and
the history and technology of space exploration.
The student will:
use topogrgphical maps and construct models that compare geological features;
compare different types of rocks, different types of soil, and rocks and soils; and
explain how fossils and other earth materials can be used to interpret history, identify geologic time periods (for example, Mesozoic Era, Paleozoic Era) and match fossils to the appropriate periods of time.
The student will compare, interpret, and predict weather phenomena over a period of time, based on observed weather patterns and by using weather maps.
Describe how the heating effects of the sun cause movement within the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that all matter is made up of atoms. Key concepts include
atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons;
atoms of any element are alike but are different from atoms of other elements; and
atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.
The student will investigate and understand how to classify materials as elements, compounds, or mixtures. Key concepts include
mixtures can be separated by physical processes;
compounds can only be separated by chemical processes; and
elements cannot be separated by physical or chemical means.
The student will investigate and understand basic characteristics of electricity and will draw or build electromagnets. Key concepts include
electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy sources and can be transformed into almost any other form of energy;
electricity is related to magnetism; and
circuits can be parallel or series.
The student will investigate, compare, contrast and understand sources and types of energy and
their transformations. Key concepts include
potential and kinetic energy;
energy sources (fossil fuels, wood, wind, water, solar, and nuclear power);
light, heat, sound and electrical energy; and
energy transformations (mechanical to electrical, electrical to heat/light, chemical to
light, chemical to electrical/light, and light to heat energy).
The student will investigate, compare, contrast and understand that matter has physical and
chemical properties and can undergo change. Key concepts include
physical changes;
changes in chemical composition, including oxidation reactions (rusting and burning),
photosynthesis, and acid-base neutralization reactions;
measurement of changes in mass, terml2erature, and volume; and
identification of phase changes.
The student will describe movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases in relation to
temperature.
IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand public policy decisions relating to the environment and identify ways growth in human population impacts the environment including social and economic factors in habitat destruction. Key concepts include
management of renewable resources (water, air, plant life, animal life);
management of nonrenewable resources (coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power); and
cost/benefit tradeoffs in conservation policies (for example, the reduce-reuse-recycle
principle).
The student will describe ways to minimize the negative impact of technology on the environment and maximize the positive impact.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
observations are made involving fine discrimination between similar objects and
organisms;
a classification system is developed based on multiple attributes;
differences in descriptions and working definitions are made;
precise and approximate measures are recorded;
scale models are used to estimate distance, volume, and quantity;
hypotheses are stated in ways that identify the independent (manipulated) and
dependent (responding) variables;
a method is devised to test the validity of predictions and inferences;
one variable is manipulated over time with many repeated trials;
data are collected, recorded, analyzed, and reported using appropriate metric
measurement;
data are organized and communicated through graphical representation (graphs,
charts, and diagrams); and
models are designed to explain a sequence.
The student will demonstrate scientific reasoning and logic. Key concepts include
ideas are investigated by asking for and actively seeking information;
multiple tests of ideas are performed before accepting or rejecting them;
alternative scientific explanations are analyzed; and
conclusions are based on scientific evidence obtained from a variety of sources.
Science Standards of Learning - Grades 7 & 8
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand that all living things are composed of cells. Key
concepts include
cell structure and organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and chloroplast);
similarities and differences between plant and animal cells;
development of cell theory; and
cell division (mitosis and meiosis).
The student will investigate and understand that living things show patterns of cellular organization and that major organs and systems have functions. Key concepts include
cells, tissues, organs, and systems; and
functions, relationships and processes of cells, tissues, organs, and systems (respiration, removal of wastes, growth, reproduction, digestion, circulation, skeletal, muscular and cellular transport and support).
The student will investigate and understand that the basic needs of organisms must be met in order to carry out life processes. Key concepts include
plant needs (light and energy sources, water, gases, nutrients);
animal needs (food, water, gases, shelter, space); and
factors that influence life processes.
The student will investigate and understand classification of organisms. Key concepts include
differences in number, color, size, shape, and texture of external and internal structures;
dichotomous classification keys (ex. kingdom to species) with an emphasis on genus/species names;
variation in method of locomotion, obtaining nourishment, and reproduction; and
five kingdoms of living things.
The student will investigate and understand the basic physical and chemical processes of photosynthesis and its importance to plant and animal life. Key concepts include
energy transfer between sunlight and chlorophyll and through decomposition of plants and animals;
transformation of water and carbon dioxide into sugar, water, and oxygen; and
photosynthesis as the foundation of food webs.
The student will investigate and understand that organisms within an ecosystem are dependent on one another and on nonliving components of the environment. Key concepts include
interactions resulting in a flow of energy and matter throughout the system;
complex relationships in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems; and
energy flow in food chains, food webs, and food pyramids.
The student will investigate and understand that interactions exist among members of a population. Key concepts include
competition, cooperation, social hierarchy, territorial imperative; and
influence of behavior on population interactions.
The student will investigate and understand interactions among populations in biological communities or ecosystems. Key concepts include
symbiotic relationships and niches in a community;
construction of a food web/chain for a selected community or ecosystem; and
examples of how organisms interact within communities or ecosystems.
The student will investigate, cite examples of, and understand how organisms adapt to biotic and abiotic factors in a biome. Key concepts include
differences between ecosystems and biomes;
characteristics of land, marine, and freshwater biomes;
adaptations that enable organisms to survive within a specific biome
inferences about the types of plant and animal life which may be found in major
biomes; and
creation of an ecosystem that shows the interdependence of its abiotic and biotic
components.
The student will investigate and understand that organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations. Key concepts include
the role of DNA;
characteristics that can and cannot be inherited;
dominant and recessive traits;
genetic engineering and its applications including use of the Punnett square; and
historical contributions and significance of discoveries related to genetics.
The student will investigate and understand that ecosystems, communities, populations, and organisms are dynamic and change over time (daily, seasonal, and long term). Key concepts include
phototropism, hibernation, and dormancy;
factors that increase or decrease population size; and
eutrophication, climate change, and catastrophic disturbances.
The student will investigate and understand that organisms change over time. Key concepts include
the relationships of mutation, adaptation, structural changes, natural selection, and extinction;
evidence of different species in the fossil record; and
how environmental influences, as well as genetic variation, can lead to diversity of
organisms, including the prediction of long term impact and sudden catastrophic
events such as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, or floods.
The student will trace the energy transfer through decomposition of plants and animals, including development of the nitrogen cycle.
The student will give examples of how diet, exercise, and drug abuse and use affect the body and will develop an appropriate diet/exercise program and describe its effects on bodily cellular functions.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, and understand how to read and interpret maps, globes, models,
charts, and imagery. Key concepts include
maps (bathymetric, geologic, topographic, and weather) and star charts;
imagery (aerial photography and satellite images);
direction and distance measurements on any map or globe; and
location by latitude and longitude and topographic profiles.
The student will investigate and understand geologic processes and their causes including plate tectonics. Key concepts include
how geologic processes are evidenced in the physiographic regions of South
Carolina;
processes (faulting, folding, volcanism, metamorphism, weathering, erosion, deposition, and sedimentation) and their resulting features including the relationship of faults to earthquakes;
construction of models to illustrate plate tectonic processes.; and
the basic structure of the earth's interior.
The student will investigate and understand how to identify and explain the differences in earth materials based on physical and chemical properties. Key concepts include
properties including hardness, color and streak, luster, cleavage, fracture, and unique
properties; and
uses of minerals.
The student will investigate and understand how to identify common rock types based on mineral composition and textures and the rock cycle as it relates to the transformation of rock types. Key concepts include
igneous (intrusive and extrusive);
sedimentary (clastic and chemical); and
metamorphic (foliated and unfoliated) rocks.
The student will investigate, illustrate and understand that many aspects of the history of the Earth and life can be inferred by studying rocks and fossils and can be sequenced into major geological events. Key concepts include
traces or remains of ancient, often extinct, life are preserved by various means in many sedimentary rocks;
superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and radioactive decay are methods of dating bodies of rock and making inferences about the Earth's history, including South Carolina history;
rock types can be used to explain conditions when rock layers are formed;
diversity of organisms can be related to geological time by using the fossil record,
absolute and relative dating have different applications but can be used together to determine the age of rocks and structures;
the surface and/or subsurface process from which a given geological landform was formed;
rocks and fossils (descriptions of unique characteristics and diversity of organisms over time) from many different geologic periods and epochs are found in South Carolina;
index fossils used to determine the age of rocks; and
the process of formation (including the effects of natural events) of geologic features
on South Carolina.
The student will investigate and understand the planets and other members of the solar system; the history and contributions of the space program; and concepts related to the origin of the solar system, galaxy, and universe. Key concepts include
characteristics of the sun, constellations and star groupings, planets, their moons, comets, meteors, and asteroids;
the role of gravitation and inertia in determining the position of the planets;
how eclipses and lunar phases occur and analysis of the interaction of the moon and the sun's gravity on tides;
ways in which information about the universe is obtained and measured;
cosmology and the origin of stars and stellar systems (the Big Bang, the solar nebular theory, stellar evolution, star systems, nebulae, constellations, and galaxies);
the causes for the Earth's seasons and phases of the moon; and
historical contributions in understanding the Earth - moon- sun system.
The student will investigate and understand that oceans are complex, interactive physical, chemical, and biological systems and are.subject to long- and short-term variations. Key concepts include
physical and chemical changes (tides, waves, currents, sea level and ice cap variations, upwelling, and salinity concentrations);
importance of environmental, geologic, and economic implications;
systems interactions (energy transfer, weather, and climate);
features of the sea floor (continental margins, trenches, mid-ocean ridges, and abyssal plains) reflect tectonic processes; and
public policy issues concerning the oceans.
The student will investigate and understand the characteristics of the Earth including
plate tectonics;
water in all three states (and analysis of the effects of surface and subsurface
movement of water on the Earth);
position of the Earth in the solar system; and
effects of density differences and energy transfer on the activities of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth's interior:
The student will investigate and understand the origin of the atmosphere and the interrelationship of geologic processes, biologic processes, and human activities on its composition and dynamics. Key concepts include
transfer of energy within and among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere;
scientific evidence for atmospheric changes over geologic time;
current theories related to the effects of early life on the chemical makeup of the
atmosphere;
comparison of the Earth's atmosphere to that of other planets;
atmospheric regulation mechanisms; and
potential atmospheric compositional changes due to human, biologic, and geologic activity; and
comparison of the physical characteristics of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
The student will investigate, understand, and explain that energy transfer between the sun, Earth, and the Earth's atmosphere drives weather and climate on Earth. Key concepts include
observation and collection of weather data;
prediction of weather patterns and characteristics of air masses, frontal systems, and pressure systems;
weather phenomena, climate zones and the factors that affect climate; and
the effects of heat flow and /or uneven heatinp, on the earth, and recognition of patterns of heat transfer (radiation, convection, and conduction).
The student will investigate and understand how freshwater resources are influenced by geologic processes and the activities of humans. Key concepts include
processes of soil development;
development of karst topography;
identification of groundwater zones including water table, zone of saturation, and zone of aeration;
identification of other sources of fresh water including aquifers with reference to the hydrologic cycle; and
dependence on freshwater resources and the affects of human usage on water quality.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand changes in matter and the relationship of these changes to the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy. Key concepts include
physical changes (effect of temperature on state, particle size on solubility, and
temperature on solubility);
nuclear reactions (products of fusion and fission and their effects on human beings
and the environment); and
chemical changes (types of reactions, reactants and products, and balanced equations).
The student will investigate, compare and understand states of matter and forms of energy and how energy is transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroye . Key concepts include
potential and kinetic energy;
mechanical, chemical, and electrical energy including energy involve , converted or released in electrical circuits;
heat, light, and sound; and
identification of the units of measure associated with various forms of energy.
The student will investigate and understand how to use the periodic table of elements to obtain information. Key concepts include
symbols, atomic numbers, atomic mass, chemical families, periods, valence numbers, metals, metalloids, and nonmetals; and
binary compounds (chemical activity, physical properties, formulas, and nature of bonding).
The student will investigate, compare, and understand the basic nature of matter. Key concepts include
the particle theory of matter;
elements, compounds, mixtures, acids, bases, salts, organic, inorganic, solids, liquids, and gases (including the effects ofthe. presence of ions and molecules on the behavior of a compound);
the position, density, and motion of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases;
characteristics of types of matter based on physical and chemical properties;
physical properties (shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, color);
chemical properties (acidity, basicity, combustibility, reactivity, and the role of a catalyst); and
identification and classification of the causes of change in chemical and physical systems.
The student will investigate, create and understand various models of atomic structure including Bohr and Cloud (quantum) models including descriptions of ftinction, relative size, and charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons and investigate and understand historical development and significance of discoveries related to the atom.
The student will investigate and understand temperature scales, heat, and heat transfer. Key concepts include
absolute zero, phase change, freezing point, melting point, boiling point, conduction, convection, radiation, vaporization, and condensation; and
applications of heat transfer and the effects of heat on objects and systems (heat
engines, thermostats, and refrigeration).
The student will investigate and understand characteristics of sound and technological applications of sound waves. Key concepts include
wave length, frequency, amplitude, interference; and
technological applications of sound.
The student will investigate and understand the nature and technological applications of light. Key concepts include
reflection, refraction, particle theory, wave theory; and
electromagnetic spectrum.
The student will investigate and understand basic principles of electricity and magnetism. Key concepts include
electrical energy consumption is measured using common units (kilowatts/kilowhours);
static, current, circuits;
magnetic fields and electromagnets; and
voltage, ampere, and resistance; and
historical contributions in understanding electricity.
The student will investigate and understand scientific principles and technological applications of work, force, and motion. Key concepts include
work, force, mechanical advantage, efficiency, power, horsepower, gravitational force, speed/velocity, mass/weight, Newton's three laws of. motion, acceleration (including, analysis of the motion of falling objects and the effects of friction);
the relationship between mass and volume to calculate density and the relationship between distance and time to calculate speed, and applications (simple machines, compound machines, powered vehicles, rockets, restraining devices, projectiles).
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand the relationships and impact between ecosystem
dynamics and human activity. Key concepts include
food production and harvest;
ùchange in habitat size, quality, and structure including habitat destruction, the loss of
biodiversity and how they are related;
ùchange in species competition (such as balance between producers and consumers);
population disturbances and factors that threaten and enhance species survival
including natural events or biotic factors (such as a flu virus); and
ùenvironmental issues (water supply, air quality, energy production, and waste
management).
The student will investigate and understand the differences between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Key concepts include
fossil fuels, minerals, rocks, water, and vegetation;
advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources;
research processes or devices that impact on the environment and are used to conserve energy;
resources found in South Carolina;
use of resources and their effects on standards of living; and
environmental costs and benefits (such as evaluation of how effectively local natural resources are being used).
The student will evaluate and make inferences about the effect of space science, genetics, and computer technology on sociely. Key concems include:
current technologies which can be utilized in obtaining natural resources and utilized to decrease the depletion of natural resources;
the impact of technology on changes in the knowledge of earth science, and
the environmental impact of technologies (how technologies improve or harm the quality of life in the local community and which technologies have improved the quality of life).
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
length, mass, volume, density, temperature, weight, and force are accurately measured and reported using the International System of Units (SI-metric);
triple beam and electronic balances, thermometers, metric.rulers, graduated cylinders, and spring scales are used to gather data;
data from experiments are recorded and interpreted from bar, line, and circle graphs;
research skills are utilized using a variety of resources;
independent and dependent variables, constants, controls, and repeated trials are identified;
valid conclusions are made after analyzing data;
research methods are used to investigate practical problems and questions; and
experimental results are presented in appropriate written form.
The student will demonstrate scientific reasoning and logic by
analyzing how science explains and predicts the interactions and dynamics of complex Earth systems;
recognizing that evidence is required to evaluate hypotheses and explanations;
comparing different scientific explanations for the same observations about the Earth;
explaining that observation and logic are essential for reaching a conclusion;
evaluating evidence for scientific theories related to plate tectonics, the structure of the Earth, and its ancient age and origin; and
making informed judgments related to resource use and its effects on Earth systems.
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
data are organized into tables showing repeated trials and means;
variables are defined;
SI (metric) units are used;
criteria are established for evaluating a prediction;
models are constructed to illustrate and explain phenomena;
sources of experimental error are identified;
dependent variables, independent variables, and constants are identified;
variables are controlled to test hypotheses and trials are repeated;
continuous line graphs are constructed, interpreted, and used to make predictions; and
interpretations from the same set of data are evaluated and defended.
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
volume, area, mass, elapsed time, direction, temperature, pressure, distance, density, and changes in elevation/depth are calculated utilizing the most appropriate tools;
technologies, including computers, are used to collect, analyze, and report data and to demonstrate concepts and simulate experimental conditions;
scales, diagrams, maps, charts, graphs, tables, and profiles are constructed and interpreted;
variables are manipulated with repeated trials; and
a scientific viewpoint is constructed and defended.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Eight
The student will communicate through application software.
Compose and edit a multipage document at the keyboard, using word processing skills and the writing process steps.
Communicate with spreadsheets by entering data and setting up formulas, analyzing data, and creating graphs or charts to visually represent data.
Communicate with databases by defining fields and entering data, sorting, and producing reports in various forms.
Use advanced publishing software, graphics programs, and scanners to produce page layouts.
Integrate databases, graphics, and spreadsheets into word-processed documents.
The student will communicate through networks and telecommunication.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Develop hypermedia home page documents that can be accessed by worldwide networks.
The student will have a basic understanding of computer processing, storing, retrieval, and transmission technologies and a practical appreciation of the relevant advantages and disadvantages of various processing, storage, retrieval, and transmission technologies.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs to retrieve and select relevant information.
Use laser discs with a computer in an interactive mode.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered services to access and retrieve information from electronic databases.
Use databases to perform research.
Science Standards of Learning - Grades 9-12
Area I. Living Things
(Biology)
The student will investigate and understand differences and relationships between plant and animal cell structure and function. Key concepts include:
characterizing prokaryotic organisms;
exploring the diversity and variation of eukaryotes;
building analogies between the activities of a single cell and a whole organism including the active and passive transport to the maintenance of cells (osmosis, diffusion, osmoregulation, endocytosis and exocytosis) and organ and organ system functions depend on cellular activities (nerve impulse transmission, digestion, respiration, excretion, movement, circulation, reproduction, growth, development, and support); and
modeling the cell membrane, cell communication, and cell recognition.
The student will investigate and understand biochemical principles essential for life. Key concepts include:
water chemistry and its impact on life processes;
the structure and function of macromolecules;
the role of enzymes in chemical reactions within the cell; and
the significance of and relationship between photosynthesis and respiration and fermentation including distinctions between metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism).
The student will investigate and understand the bases for modem classification systems. Key concepts include:
structural similarities in organisms;
fossil record interpretation;
comparison of developmental stages in different organisms;
examination of protein similarities and differences among organisms;
comparison of DNA sequences in organisms;
systems of classification that are adaptable to new scientific discoveries;
examination of local flora and fauna where applicable; and
classification of organisms into taxa (kingdoms through species).
The student will investigate and understand life functions of monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals, including humans. Key concepts include:
how their structures are alike and different;
comparison of their metabolic activities;
analyses of their responses to the environment;
maintenance of homeostasis through feedback mechanisms;
human health issues, human anatomy, body systems, and life functions;
how viruses compare with organisms; and
observation of local organisms when applicable.
The student will investigate and understand how populations change through time. Key concepts include:
examining evidence found in fossil records and relating geological time scales to the appearance and/or extinction of organisms;
investigating how variation of traits reproductive strategies, and environmental pressures impact on the survival of populations;
recognizing how adaptations, heredity of individuals, and the genetics of populations lead to natural selection; and
exploring how new species emerge by describing the role of genes, reproduction, and geographical barriers in the process of speciation.
The student will investigate and understand dynamic equilibria within populations, communities, and ecosystems. Key concepts include:
interactions within and among populations including carrying capacities, limiting factors including interspecific and intraspecific competition, and growth curves including examples of demographic characteristics of populations;
nutrient cycling with energy flow through ecosystems recognizing that the carbon cycle is the main energy source for ecosystems;
succession patterns in ecosystems;
the effects of natural events and human influences on ecosystems; and
analysis of local ecosystems including the roles of producers, consumers, and
decomposers.
The student will investigate and understand common mechanisms of inheritance and protein synthesis. Key concepts include:
cell division, mitosis, and how it enhances genetic continuity;
sex cell formation, meiosis, and how it enhances variation;
cell specialization;
prediction of inheritance of traits based on the laws of heredity including the use of the Punnett square;
effects of genetic recombination and mutation including changes in protein structure;
events involved in the construction of proteins including the role of nucleic acids;
exploration of the molecular structure and impact of DNA technologies; and
characteristics and molecular basis of genetic disorders.
The student will investigate and understand the history of biological concepts. Key concepts include:
evidence supporting the cell theory;
scientific explanations of the development of organisms through time;
causative agents of disease;
the evolution of the DNA model; and
the collaborative efforts of scientists, past, and present.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems (Environmental Science)
The student will analyze the chemical composition of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. Key concepts include:
describe the effects of chemical weathering on earth materials;
identify the eight most common elements in the earth's crust and describe how they occur; and
investigate the nature and formation of fossil fuels.
The student will analyze the physical composition of the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. Key concepts include:
describe the effects of physical weathering on earth materials; and
explain the effects of temperature, salinity, pressure, and buoyancy on physical properties of earth materials.
The student will apply the electromagnetic spectrum to the interpretation of remotely sensed data.
The student will explore how global climates are determined by heat transfer. Key concepts include:
analyze how energy from the sun powers the water cycle;
describe how the balance between energy gained from the sun and energy lost from the earth determine earth's climate;
investigate and explain the factors that affect geographic variations in climate including cloud cover, atmospheric dust, and physiographic features;
investigate and explain heat transfer processes associated with seasonal fluctuations in the amount of solar energy reaching various locations on the earth's surface; and
demonstrate an understanding of the effects of weather conditions, geologic features, and the earth's rotation on energy transfer.
The student will determine how living organisms can affect the composition of the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere. Key concepts include:
predict how human interaction with the environment will affect the future of the earth. Include the interaction of other living organisms; and
describe and predict the effects of climate and vegetation on soil characteristics.
The student will explain how gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear force affect events occurring in the earth-space system. Key concepts include:
compare various models as explanations for the patterns of revolution of celestial bodies within the solar system;
describe the magnetic field of the earth and cite evidence for the reversal of the poles; and
explain the nuclear processes that result in energy production, continuing life cycles, and the formation of new elements in stars.
The student will explain how solar energy drives convection. Key concepts include:
relate the transfer of heat energy to the pattens of wind belts and ocean currents; and
compare and contrast the formation of high and low pressure systems, the formation of fronts, and the movement of weather systems across the surface of the earth.
The student will describe the processes of chemical and physical weathering, erosion, and deposition on earth materials. Key concepts include:
describe the formation of sediments; and
describe the formation of drainage systems.
The student will explore the transfer of the earth's internal heat energy and its effect. Key concepts include:
use the theory of plate tectonics to explain changes in the earth's crust; and
describe how convection currents may be the driving force for plate tectonics.
The student will predict how human interaction with the environment affects the future of the earth.
The student will evaluate changes in long-term atmospheric conditions and explain possible causes.
The student will explain the effects of the major geological cycles on the earth system. Key concepts include:
explain the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, oxygen cycle, and phosphorous cycle; and
illustrate and explain how common cycles recycle resources through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere.
The student will explain the theory of plate tectonics in terms of the evidence on which it is based.
The student will investigate scientific theories for the formation of and changes in the universe. Key concepts include:
describe techniques of relative dating of rock layers to measure the age of fossils;
examine evidence for the origin of the sun, the earth, and the rest of the solar system;
describe radioactive decay of isotopes as a means for determining the age of the earth; and
analyze ways radioactive elements are used to date events in the earth's history.
The student will explain how interactions among the solid earth, the oceans, the atmosphere, and living, things have resulted in ongoing changes in the earth's system. Key concepts include:
examine the interactions between humans and the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and common earth; and
evaluate changes in the long-term atmospheric conditions and explain possible causes.
The student will trace the history of changes in scientific thought. Key concepts include:
examine how spacecraft have revolutionized astronomy by allowing observations that can only be made outside the atmosphere;
investigate and explain the impact of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Einstein on modem thought; and
investigate and explain the impact of the recognition of plate tectonics on geologic thought.
Area III. Matter and Energy (Chemistry):
The student will investigate and understand that the placement of elements on the periodic table is a function of their atomic structure. The periodic table is a tool used for the investigations of:
composition, charge, and relative mass of the nucleus;
mass/atomic number including how average mass is determined;
isotopes/half-lives/nuclear particles, radioactive decay;
particle/mass charge;
families/groups including combining capacity of a family/group;
series/periods;
trends/patterns: atomic/nuclear radii, electronegativity, shielding effect, reactivity;
electron configurations/oxidation numbers;
chemical/physical properties;
historical/quantum models;
importance of valence electrons in determining chemical properties;
behavior of transition metals; and
stability of noble gases.
The student will investigate and understand that the phases of matter are explained by kinetic theory and forces of attraction between particles. Key concepts include:
pressure, temperature, and volume;
vapor pressure;
partial pressures;
phase changes;
molar heats of fusion and vaporization;
specific heat capacity;
solutions; and
colligative properties.
The student will investigate and understand that quantities in a chemical reaction are based on molar relationships. Key concepts include:
avogadro's principle, the mole, molar volume;
stoichiometric relationships;
partial pressure;
gas laws;
solution concentrations;
chemical equilibrium; and
acid/base theory: strong/weak electrolytes, dissociation/ionization (pH, pOH), and titration.
The student will investigate and understand how conservation of energy and matter is expressed in chemical formulas and balanced equations. Key concepts include:
nomenclature including the naming of both inorganic and organic compounds;
balancing chemical equations;
writing chemical formulas -- molecular, structural, empirical, and Lewis diagrams;
identifying compounds found in foods, clothing, cosmetics, household substances;
bonding types -- ionic, covalent;
reaction types -- synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, oxidation-reduction, neutralization, nuclear (both fission and fusion), exothermic and endothermic, spontaneous/nonspontaneous, dissociation ionization;
physical and chemical equilibrium;
reaction rates and kinetics: activation energy, catalysis, degree of randomness; and
classification of matter as element, compound, mixture.
The student will investigate and understand how basic chemical principles relate to other areas of chemistry. Key concepts include:
organic and biochemistry;
nuclear chemistry; and
environmental chemistry.
(Physics):
The student will investigate and understand that the kinetic molecular theory can be applied to solve quantitative problems involving pressure, volume, and temperature.
The student will investigate and understand that energy can be transferred and transformed to provide usable work. Key concepts include:
transformation of energy among forms, including mechanical, thermal, electrical, gravitational, chemical, and nuclear; and
efficiency of systems.
The student will investigate and understand how to use models of transverse and longitudinal waves to interpret wave phenomena. Key concepts include:
wave characteristics (period, wavelength, frequency, amplitude and phase);
fundamental wave processes (reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, standing waves, polarization, Doppler effect); and
light and sound in terms of wave models.
The student will investigate and understand that extremely large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian physics. Key concepts include:
wave/particle duality;
wave properties of matter;
matter/energy equivalence;
quantum mechanics and uncertainty;
relativity;
nuclear physics including the nature of nuclear forces both strong and weak;
solid state physics;
superconductivity; and
radioactivity.
The student will investigate and understand that different frequencies and wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum are phenomena ranging from radio waves through visible light to gamma radiation. Key concepts include:
the properties and behaviors of radio, microwaves, infra-red, visible light, ultra-violet, X-rays, and gamma rays; and
current applications based on the wave properties of each band.
The student will investigate and understand how to diagram and construct basic and complex electrical circuits and explain the function of various circuit components. Key concepts include:
Ohm's law;
series, parallel, and combined circuits; and
electric power and circuit design.
The student will investigate and understand that quantities including mass, energy, momentum, and charge are conserved. Key concepts include:
kinetic and potential energy; and
elastic and inelastic collisions.
The student will investigate and understand the interrelationships among mass, distance, force, velocity, acceleration, and time. Key concepts include:
linear motion;
uniform circular motion;
curvilinear motion;
Newton's laws of motion;
gravitation;
celestial mechanics; and
work, power, and energy.
The student will investigate and understand how to use the field concept to describe the effects of electric, magnetic, and gravitational forces. Key concepts include:
inverse square laws;
Newton's law of universal gravitation;
Coulomb's law;
operating principles of motors, generators, and cathode ray tubes; and
currents are either direct or alternating.
The student will investigate and understand how light behaves in the fundamental processes of reflection, refraction, and image formation in describing optical systems. Key concepts include:
application of the laws of reflection and refraction;
construction and interpretation of ray diagrams;
development and use of mirror and lens equations; and
predictions of type, size, and position of real and virtual images.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand how applications of physics and chemistry affect the world. Key concepts include:
principles with examples from the real world;
exploration of the roles and contributions of science and technology; and
evaluation of how technology has changed the quality of life.
The student will investigate and understand how the earth and sun are our natural resources. Key concepts include:
developing plans for conserving, producing, recycling;
describing how methods of producing energy in a region are related to its geophysical characteristics; and
evaluating the impact of solar, nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, and fossil fuel forms of energy on the environment.
The student will investigate and understand that human activities can produce long term effects and changes that impact our environment. Key concepts include:
analysis of the effects of population growth and the use of resources on the environment;
explain the sources and effects of inorganic and organic toxic chemicals;
describe the results of natural and induced environmental hazards; and
make inferences about global changes which have occurred and predict future change.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which:
observations of living things are recorded in the lab and in the field;
hypotheses are formulated based on observations;
variables are defined and investigations are designed to test hypotheses;
graphing and arithmetic calculations are used as tools in data analysis;
conclusions are formed based on recorded quantitative and qualitative data;
impacts of sources of error inherent in experimental design are identified and discussed;
validity of data is determined;
alternative explanations and models are recognized and analyzed;
appropriate technology is used for gathering and analyzing data and communicating results; and
research is used based on popular and scientific literature.
The student will investigate and understand that experiments in which variables are measured, analyzed, and evaluated, produce observations and verifiable data. Key concepts include:
designated laboratory techniques;
safe use of chemicals and equipment;
proper response to emergency situations;
multiple variables are manipulated with repeated trials;
accurate recording, organizing, and analysis of data through repeated trials;
mathematical and procedural error analysis; and
mathematical manipulations (SI units, scientific notation, linear equations, graphing, ratio and proportion, significant digits, dimensional analysis, use of scientific calculator).
The student will investigate and understand how to plan and conduct investigations in which the components of a system are defined;
instruments are selected and used to extend observations and measurements of mass, volume, temperature, heat exchange, energy transformations, motion, fields, and electric charge;
information is recorded and presented in an organized format;
metric units are used in all measurements and calculations;
the limitations of the experimental apparatus and design are recognized;
the limitations of measured quantities through the appropriate use of significant figures or error ranges are recognized; and
data gathered from non-SI instruments are incorporated through appropriate conversions.
The student will investigate and understand how to analyze and interpret data. Key concepts include:
a description of a physical problem is translated into a mathematical statement in order to find a solution;
relationships between physical quantities are determined using the shape of a curve passing through experimentally obtained data;
the slope of a linear relationship is calculated and includes appropriate units;
interpolated, extrapolated, and analyzed trends are used to make predictions; inferential statistical tests are applied in evaluating experimental data; and analysis of systems employs vector quantities utilizing trigonometric and graphical methods.
The student will investigate and understand how to demonstrate scientific reasoning and logic. Key concepts include:
analysis of primary sources to develop and refine research hypotheses; analysis of how science explains and predicts relationships; and evaluation of evidence for scientific theories and how new discoveries may either modify existing theories or result in establishing a new paradigm.