H 5016 Session 112 (1997-1998)
H 5016 General Bill, By Townsend, Leach and Loftis
A BILL TO PROVIDE FOR THE MATHEMATICS, ENGLISH/LANGUAGE ARTS, AND SCIENCE
STANDARDS FOR PURPOSES OF THE PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY STANDARDS FOR
SCHOOLS ACT (PASS).
04/14/98 House Introduced and read first time HJ-20
04/14/98 House Referred to Committee on Education and Public
Works HJ-20
A BILL
TO PROVIDE FOR THE MATHEMATICS,
ENGLISH/LANGUAGE ARTS, AND SCIENCE STANDARDS
FOR PURPOSES OF THE PERFORMANCE AND
ACCOUNTABILITY STANDARDS FOR SCHOOLS ACT (PASS).
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of South
Carolina:
SECTION 1. For purposes of implementing the standards and
assessment sections of the Performance and Accountability Standards
for Schools Act (H.4399 of 1998), the mathematics, English/language
arts, and science standards shall be those contained in Appendices 1,
2, and 3, respectively.
SECTION 2. This act takes effect upon approval by the Governor.
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Appendix 1
MATHEMATIC STANDARDS
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Kindergarten
Number and Numeration Systems
The student, given a familiar problem situation involving
magnitude, will select a reasonable magnitude from three given
quantities: a one-digit numeral, a two-digit numeral, and a
three-digit numeral (e.g., 5, 50, and 500); and explain the
reasonableness of his/her choice.
The student, given two sets containing 10 or fewer concrete
items, will identify and describe one set as having more, fewer,
or the same number of members as the other set, using the
concept of 1 to 1 correspondence.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will identify, describe, and extend a repeating
relationship (pattern) found in common objects, sounds, and
movements.
The student will investigate and recognize patterns from
counting by fives and tens, using concrete objects and a
calculator.
The student, given a set containing nine or fewer concrete
items, will tell how many are in the set by counting the number
of items orally; select the corresponding numeral from a given
set; and trace over the numeral using tactile materials (e.g.,
sandpaper, carpeting, or finger paint).
The student, given an ordered set of three objects and/or, will
indicate the ordered position of each item, from left-to-right,
right-to-left, top-to-bottom, and/or bottom-to-top.
The student will count forward to 20 and backward from 10.
The student will determine the value of a collection of pennies,
using pennies or models.
The student will add and subtract whole numbers using up to 10
concrete items.
The student will compare the size (larger/smaller) and shape of
plane geometric figures (circle, triangle, square, and rectangle).
The student will sort and classify objects according to similar
attributes (size, shape, and color).
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify, describe, and make plane geometric
figures (circle, triangle, square, and rectangle).
The student will identify representations of plane geometric
figures (circle, triangle, square, and rectangle), regardless of
their position and orientation in space.
Measurement
The student will identify the instruments used to measure
length (ruler), weight (scale), time (clock: digital and analog;
calendar: day, month, and season), and temperature
(thermometer).
The student will tell time to the hour using an analog or digital
clock.
The student will compare two objects or events, using direct
comparisons or nonstandard units of measure, according to one
or more of the following attributes: length (shorter, longer),
height (taller, shorter), weight (heavier, lighter), temperature
(hotter, colder). Examples of nonstandard units include foot
length, hand span, new pencil, paper clip, block, etc.
The student will recognize a penny, nickel, dime, and quarter.
Probability and Statistics
The student will investigate and describe the results of dropping
a two-colored counter or
using a multicolored spinner.
The student will gather data relating to familiar experiences by
counting and tallying.
The student will display objects and information. using object
and pictorial graphs and tables.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade One
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will count by ones, twos, fives and tens beyond
100.
The student will identify the place value of each digit in a
three-digit numeral, using numeration models.
The student will identify the positions first through twentieth,
using an ordered set of objects.
The student will count a collection of pennies, a collection of
nickels, and a collection of dimes whose total value is 100 cents
or less.
The student will recognize and write whole numbers in words
through 10 using correct spelling; will write numerals 0 through
100; identify odd and even numbers up to 100, and will read
whole numbers from a number line labeled 0 to 180.
The student will count objects in a given set containing
between one (10) and 100 objects and write the corresponding
numeral.
The student will identify and represent the concepts of one-half,
one-third, one-fourth, one-sixth using appropriate materials or
drawings.
The student will estimate the number of objects in a set of from
five to twenty objects.
The student will describe pairs of numbers using greater than,
less than, and equal to.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will recall basic addition facts, sums to 10 or less,
and the corresponding subtraction facts.
The student will solve story and picture problems involving
one-step solutions, using basic addition and subtraction facts.
The student will write or mentally compute adding and
subtracting pairs of 2 digit whole numbers without renaming.
The student will demonstrate the meaning of one and two digit
addition and subtraction and include examples using concrete
models.
The student will use inverse operations to find the missing
number in an addition number sentence with sums less than or
equal to 10 and write the corresponding subtraction facts.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will recognize, describe, extend, and create a wide
variety of patterns, including rhythmic, color, shape, and
numeric. Patterns will include both growing and repeating
patterns. Concrete materials and calculators will be used by
students.
The student's will identify missing numbers and elements in a
pattern or sequence.
The student will sort and classify concrete objects according to
one or more attributes, including color, size, shape, and
thickness.
The student will connect patterns, relationships, and functions
in a variety of real-world concepts and will extend patterns,
including skip-counting.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify and create figures, symmetric along a
line, using various concrete materials and will draw lines of
symmetry through shapes to divide them into congruent figures.
The student will describe the proximity of objects in space
(near, far, close by, below, up, down, beside, and next to).
The student will draw, describe and order triangles, squares,
rectangles, circles according to number of sides, comers, and
square comers and will recognize common 2 and 3 dimensional
shapes, such as cubes, cones, cylinders, and spheres.
The student will identify and describe objects in his/her
environment that depict geometric figures: triangle. rectangle.
square, and circle.
Measurement
The student will use standard and nonstandard units to measure
length and weight.
The student will tell and record time to the half-hour, using an
analog or digital clock.
The student will put in sequence the days of the week and the
months of the year.
The student will compare the weight of two objects using a
balance scale.
The student will compare the volumes of two given containers
by using concrete materials (e.g., jelly beans, sand, water, and
rice).
The student will identify the number of pennies equivalent to
a nickel, a dime, and a quarter.
Probability and Statistics
The student will investigate, make predictions about, identify,
describe, and apply various forms of data collection in his/her
world (e.g., recording daily temperature, lunch count,
attendance, and favorite ice cream).
The student will read and interpret information displayed in a
picture, object or bar graph using the vocabulary: more, less,
fewer, greater than, and less than.
The student will construct picture, bar and object graphs.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Two
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will count by twos and fives to 1000 and by threes
and fours to 100 (96), using mental mathematics, paper and
pencil, hundred chart, calculators, and/or concrete objects.
The student will identify the place value of each digit in a
four-digit numeral.
The student will identify the positions first through thirtieth,
using an ordered set of objects.
The student will identify the parts of a set and/or region that
represent one-half, one-third, one-fourth, one-sixth, one-eighth,
and one-tenth and write the corresponding fractions and order
them correctly.
The student will compare and write two whole numbers
between 0 and 999, using symbols and words (>, <, or =,
"greater than," "less than," or
"equal to").
The student will write whole numbers in words through twenty
and spell correctly.
The student will round numbers to the nearest ten.
The student will estimate the number of objects in a set of from
five to thirty objects.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will solve addition and subtraction problems using
data from simple charts and picture graphs. Problems will
require a one-step solution.
The student will recall basic addition facts, sums to 20 (18) or
less, and the corresponding subtraction facts.
The student. given a simple addition or subtraction fact, will
recognize and describe the related facts which represent and
describe the inverse relationship between addition and
subtraction (e.g.. 3 + =7. -3 = 7. 7 -
=3)
The student. given two whole numbers whose sum is 99 or less.
will estimate the sum; and find the sum using various methods
of calculation (mental computation, concrete materials, and
paper and pencil).
The student, given two whole numbers each 99 or less, will
estimate the difference; and find the difference using various
methods of calculation (mental computation, concrete
materials, and paper and pencil).
The student will demonstrate the meaning, of addition,
subtraction, multiplication (multiples of 2, 4, 5, and 10) and
division as the inverse of multiplication using concrete models.
The student will use written or mental computation to predict
results of adding and subtracting up to 100.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will identify, create, and extend a wide variety of
patterns using symbols and objects.
The student will complete a sequence of 10 or fewer
consecutive whole numbers 0 though 999.
The student will solve problems by completing a numerical
sentence involving the basic facts for addition and subtraction.
Examples include: 3 +7, or 9 - 2. Students will create story
problems using the numerical sentences.
The student will recognize, describe, and extend patterns of
numbers and number combinations using, tools such as
hundreds charts and calendars.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify and describe a cube, rectangular solid,
sphere, cylinder, and cone, according to the number and shape
of faces, edges, bases, and comers and will describe congruent
shapes.
The student will compare and contrast plane and solid
geometric shapes (circle/sphere, square/cube, triangle/pyramid,
and rectangle/rectangular solid).
The student will construct models of two dimensional shapes
including triangles, quadrilaterals (squares, rectangles,
parallelograms), pentagons hexagons, and octagons.
The student will investigate and predict the results of motion
geometry (slides and flips).
The student will apply geometry to measurement, real world
contexts, and use appropriate technology.
Measurement
The student will estimate and then determine weight/mass of
familiar objects in pounds and/or kilograms, using a scale.
The student will estimate and then use a ruler to make linear
measurements to the nearest centimeter and inch, including the
distance around a polygon (determine perimeter).
The student, given grid paper, will estimate and then count the
number of square units needed to cover a given surface
(determine area).
The student will tell and write time to the quarter hour, using
analog and digital clocks.
The student will use actual measuring devices to compare
metric and U.S. Customary units (cups, pints, quarts, gallons,
and liters) for measuring liquid volume, using the concepts of
more, less, and equivalent.
The student will estimate and then count the number of cubes
in a rectangular box (determine volume).
The student will
count, compare. and make change, using a collection of coins
and one-dollar bills; and identify the correct usage of the cent
symbol (0), dollar symbol ($), and decimal point.
The student, given a calendar, will determine-past and future
days of the week and identify specific dates.
Probability and Statistics
The student will record data from experiments using tools such
as spinners and colored tiles/cubes and use the data to predict
which of two events is more likely to occur if the experiment is
repeated.
The student will construct. read and interpret appropriate tables,
charge, pictographs, and bar graphs.
The student will generate questions, collect data using surveys,
and organize data by tallying.
The student will find the mode of a set of data.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will read and write decimals expressed as tenths
and hundredths, using concrete materials.
The student will read and write six-digit numerals and identify
the place value for each digit.
The student will write whole numbers in standard form,
expanded form, and in words (ex., 101, 1 hundred, 0 tens, 1
one, One hundred one, 100 + 1).
The student will round a whole number to the nearest ten,
hundred, or thousand.
The student will identify the positions of objects in a set by
their ordinal numbers through ninety-ninth.
The student will name and write the fractions represented by
drawings or concrete materials and represent a given fraction,
using concrete materials and symbols.
The student will compare two whole numbers between 0 and
9,999, using symbols (>, <, or =) and words
("greater than," "less than," or
"equal to").
The student will locate whole numbers, unit fractions, or mixed
numbers with unit fractions on a number line.
The student will compare the numerical value of two fractions
having like and unlike denominators, using concrete materials.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will recognize and use the inverse relationships
between addition/subtraction and multiplication/division to
complete basic fact sentences. Students will use these
relationships to solve problems such as 5 - 3 = 8 and 8 - 3 =
.
The student will recall the multiplication and division facts
through the twelves (nines) table.
The student will explain the processes of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division problems and the various ways to
solve them in writing and orally.
The student will apply the commutative, identity, and zero
property for addition and multiplication.
The student will find the missing factor, divisor or dividend in
a multiplication or division sentence.
The student will solve problems involving the sum or
difference of two whole numbers, each with five digits, or less,
with or without regrouping, using various computational
methods, including calculators, paper and pencil, mental
computation, and estimation.
The student will use estimation to predict results and evaluate
the reasonableness of the results with addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division.
The student will create and solve problems that involve
multiplication of two whole numbers, one factor 99 or less and
the second factor 9 (5) or less.
The student will add and subtract with proper fractions having
like denominators of 10 or less, using concrete materials.
The student will add and subtract with decimals expressed as
tenths, using concrete materials and paper and pencil.
The student will choose appropriate operations and symbols to
illustrate and solve a variety of problems.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will determine the rule and identify missing,
numbers in a sequence or table of number pairs and will justify
including missing numbers in the patterns.
The student will use concrete or pictorial models and symbols
to identify missing, addends or factors in equations or
inequalities.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will analyze plane and solid geometric figures
(square. rectangle, triangle, parallelograms, hexagons. cube,
rectangular solid, cone, pyramid, and cylinder) and identify
relevant properties, including the number of corners, square
corners, the shape of faces, and edges.
The student will identify and draw representations of points,
line segments (including intersecting, and parallel), and angles,
using a ruler or straightedge.
The student, given appropriate drawings or models, will
identify and describe congruent and symmetrical
two-dimensional figures, using tracing procedures or grid
paper.
The student will use coordinates to locate points on a grid.
The student will sort triangles by lengths of sides-and sizes of
angles (acute, obtuse, or right).
The student will identify the center, radius, and diameter of a
circle.
The student will investigate and predict the result of combining
and/or partitioning geometric shapes by drawing, modeling, or
describing the figure created.
The student will investigate and predict the results of motion
geometry (slides, flips, and turns).
Measurement
The student will multiply money written in decimal form by 1
digit factors in real world problems.
The student will determine by counting the value of a collection
of bills and coins up to $10 (5), compare the value of the coins
or bills, and make change.
The student will estimate and then use actual measuring devices
with metric and Customary units to measure
length-inches, feet, yards, centimeters, and meters;
liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts, gallons, and liters;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, grams, and kilograms.
The student will tell time to the nearest five-minute interval and
to the nearest minute, using analog and digital clocks.
The student will identify equivalent periods of time, including
relationships among days, months, and years, as well as
minutes and hours. The student will include elapsed time, and
a.m. and p.m. designations and solve problems using the
calendar.
The student will read temperature, to the nearest degree and
determine temperature changes during time intervals, from a
Celsius thermometer and a Fahrenheit thermometer. Real
thermometers and physical models of thermometers will be
used.
Probability and Statistics
The student will predict simple events and justify the prediction
based on the number of ways they can occur (such as
impossible, not likely, equally likely, more likely, or certain).
The student will construct, interpret, and draw conclusions
from tables, charts, pictographs, bar graphs to display given
data.
The student will gather, organize and interpret data to make
predictions.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Four
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will read, write, represent, and identify decimals
expressed through thousandths, and round to the nearest tenth
and hundredth, using concrete materials, drawings, calculators,
and symbols.
The student will:
identify, orally and in writing, the place value for each digit
in a whole number expressed through millions;
compare two whole numbers, expressed through millions,
using symbols <,>, or =); and
round whole numbers expressed through millions to the
nearest thousand, ten thousand, hundred thousand, and millions.
The student will identify and represent equivalent fractions and
relate fractions to decimals, using concrete objects.
The student will compare the numerical value of fractions
having denominators of 12 or less.
The student will apply divisibility rules for 2, 5, and 10.
The student will explore relationships between decimals and
percents such as .25 = 25%,.66
= 66%, .89 = 89%.
The student will identify any Roman numeral up to one
hundred.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will find the product of two whole numbers when
one factor has two digits or less and the other factor has three
digits or less, using estimation and paper and pencil. For larger
products (a two-digit numeral times a three-digit numeral).
estimation and calculators will be used.
The student will estimate and find the quotient of two whole
numbers given a one-digit divisor or 2 digit divisors which are
multiples of 10.
The student will
add and subtract with fractions having like denominators of
12 or less and with decimals through thousandths, using
concrete materials and paper and pencil; and will explain
method used to compute solutions.
solve problems involving addition and subtraction with
fractions having like and unlike denominators of 12 or less and
decimals expressed through thousandths.
The student will add and subtract whole numbers written in
vertical and horizontal form, choosing appropriately between
paper and pencil methods and calculators.
The student will find the product or quotient with decimals to
hundredths, using concrete materials, drawings, calculators, and
symbols.
The student will construct and analyze algorithms for
operations with whole numbers and decimals to hundredths.
The student will estimate whole-number sums and differences,
describe the method of estimation, and determine the
reasonableness of the answer. Students will refine estimates,
using terms such as closer to, between, and a little more than.
The student will use variables to represent number
relationships.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will identify and locate missing whole numbers on
a given number line.
The student will extend, analyze, and create patterns (including
decimal patterns), using concrete materials and tables.
The student will describe and represent number relationships
with tables and rules and will find missing values in tables.
The student will identify, and graph coordinates in a
rectangular coordinate grid system.
The student will solve problems involving pattern identification
and completion of patterns.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will investigate and describe the relationships
between and among points, lines, line segments, and rays.
The student will identify and draw representations of points,
lines, line segments, rays, and angles, using a straightedge or
ruler.
The student will identify lines which illustrate intersection,
parallelism, and perpendicularity.
The student will identify geometric solids including cubes,
triangular and rectangular prisms, cylinders cones, spheres, and
square and rectangular pyramids using attributes such as faces,
edges, bases, and vertices.
The student will identify polygons based on the number of
sides.
The student will identify quadrilaterals as rhombuses and
trapezoids.
The student will predict the results of geometric motion of
shapes including translations (slides), reflections (flips), and
rotations (turns) and will predict the results of combining or
partitioning geometric figures.
The student will find and describe patterns in 2 dimensional
geometric figures.
Measurement
The student will create and solve problems involving addition
and subtraction of money amounts using various computational
methods, including calculators, paper and pencil, mental
computation, and estimation.
The student will
estimate and measure length using actual measuring devices
and describe the results in both metric and U.S. Customary
units, including part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet,
yards, millimeters, centimeters, and meters; and
estimate the conversion of inches and centimeters, yards and
meters, and miles and kilometers, using approximate
comparisons (1 inch is about 2.5 centimeters, 1 meter is a little
longer than 1 yard, 1 mile is slightly farther than 1.5 kilometers,
or 1 kilometer is slightly farther than half a mile).*
The student will
estimate and measure liquid volume using actual measuring
devices and using metric and U.S. Customary units. including
cups, pints. quarts. gallons. milliliters, and liters, and
estimate the conversion of quarts and liters. using
approximate comparisons (I quart is a little less than 1 liter, 1
liter is a little more than 1 quart).*
The student will
estimate and measure weight/mass using actual measuring
devices and express the results in both metric and U.S.
Customary units, including ounces, pounds, grams, and
kilograms; and
estimate the conversion of ounces and grams and pounds and
kilograms, using approximate comparisons (I ounce is about 28
grams, or I gram is about the weight of a paper clip; I kilogram
is a little more than 2 pounds).*
The intent of this standard is for students to make
"ballpark" comparisons and not to memorize
conversion factors between U.S. and metric units.
The student will identify and describe situations representing
the use of perimeter and will estimate the perimeter and use
measuring devices to find perimeter in both standard and
nonstandard units of measure.
The student will draw angles as acute, right, or obtuse.
Probability and Statistics
The student will determine the probability of a given simple
event, using concrete materials and will identify common
events as impossible, less likely, equally likely, more likely, or
certain.
The student will collect, organize, and display data in charts,
tables, and line and bar graphs with scale increments of one or
greater than one.
The student will identify and calculate the median of a set of
data.
Mathematics Standards of Learning- Grade Five
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will read, write, and identify the place values of
decimals through ten-thousandths.
The student will compare the value of two decimals through
ten-thousandths using the symbols >, <, or =.
The student will order three or more whole numbers, fractions,
and mixed numbers and compare two whole numbers, fractions,
and mixed numbers using concrete materials and/or the
symbols >, <, or =.
The student will read and write whole numbers through billions
and decimals to thousandths in standard form, expanded form,
and words.
The student will represent decimals and fractions as percents,
using concrete materials or pictorial models, identifying
common relationships such as 1/4=25%, 1/2=50%, 1/4=75%.
The student will mentally estimate the product of two 3 digit
numbers by rounding the product to the nearest 100.
The student will apply divisibility rules for 3,-6, and 9.
The student will round fractions to the nearest whole number
and decimals to tenths, hundredths, and thousandths.
The student will represent primes. composites, factors, and
multiples using concrete materials or models (for example:
rectangular arrays).
The student will identify, multiples and factors of numbers
using least common multiple and greatest common factor.
The student will identify and write Roman numerals to 1000.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student, given a dividend of four digits or less and a divisor
of two digits or less, will find the quotient and remainder.
The student will find the product of two numbers expressed as
decimals through thousandths, using an appropriate method of
calculation, including paper and pencil, estimation, mental
computation, and calculators.
The student will compute up to 3 digits times 3 digits.
The student will apply the distributive property of
multiplication over addition and subtraction with whole
numbers.
The student, given a dividend expressed as a decimal through
ten-thousandths and a single-digit divisor, will find the
quotient.
The student will add and subtract with fractions and mixed
numerals, with and without regrouping, and express answers in
simplest form. Problems will include like and unlike
denominators, limited to 12 or less.
The student will create and solve problems involving addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division of whole numbers,
using paper and pencil, estimation, mental computation, and
calculators.
The student will use rounding, estimating, mental arithmetic,
and/or calculators to predict results and determine the
reasonableness of computations on whole numbers, fractions,
and decimals.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will investigate, describe, and extend numerical
and geometric patterns, including triangular numbers, perfect
squares, patterns formed by powers of 10, and arithmetic
sequences. Concrete materials and calculators will be used.
The student will
investigate and describe the concept of variable;
use a variable to represent a given verbal quantitative
expression, involving one operation; and
write an open sentence. using a variable to represent a given
mathematical relationship.
The student will create a problem situation based on a given
open sentence using a single variable.
The student will find the missing elements in numerical and
nonnumerical patterns using calculators to investigate fraction
patterns.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will classify angles and triangles as right, acute, or
obtuse.
The student will measure and draw right, acute, and obtuse
angles and triangles, using appropriate tools.
The student will identify and describe the diameter, radius,
chord, center, and circumference of a circle.
The student will identify and graph coordinates on a rectangular
coordinate system and/or first quadrant of the coordinate plane.
The student will identify the 3 dimensional geometric figure
that can be constructed from a given net and will identify
different views of a 3 dimensional object .
The student will identify transformations of geometric figures
that are the result of slides (translations), flips (reflections),
turns (rotations), or Wide reflections.
The student will represent and solve problems using, geometric
models and technology in everyday situations and in other
content areas.
Measurement
The student will choose an appropriate measuring device and
unit of measure to solve problems involving measurement of
length-part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet, yards,
miles, millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, tons, grams, and kilograms;
liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts. gallons, milliliters, and
liters;
area-square units: and
temperature-Celsius and Fahrenheit units.
Problems also will include estimating the conversion of Celsius
and Fahrenheit units relative to familiar situations (water
freezes at O'C and 32'F. water boils at I OO'C and 212'F,
normal -body temperature is about 37'C and 98.6 degree F).
The student will describe and determine the perimeter of a
polygon and the area of a square, rectangle, and triangle, given
the appropriate measures. The student will describe how he/she
found the area and perimeter.
The student will differentiate between area and perimeter and
identify whether the application of the concept of perimeter or
area is appropriate for a given situation.
The student will determine an amount of elapsed time in days,
hours, minutes, and seconds within a 24-hour period.
The student will add, subtract, and convert units of measure
within the metric and customary system and express answers in
the appropriate form.
Probability and Statistics
The student will
solve problems involving the probability of a single stage or
a two stage event by using tree diagrams or by constructing a
sample space representing all possible results; and
create a problem statement involving probability based on
information from a given problem situation.
Students will not be required to solve the problem created.
The student will collect, organize, read, interpret, and display
a set of numerical data in a variety of forms, given a problem
situation, using tables, charts, pictographs, bar graphs,
stem-and-leaf plots, and line graphs.
The student will find the mean and mode of a set of data.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Five
The student will demonstrate a basic understanding of computer
theory including bits, bytes, and binary logic.
The student will develop basic technology skills.
Develop a basic technology vocabulary that includes cursor,
software, memory, disk drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM.
Select and use technology appropriate to tasks.
Develop basic keyboarding skills.
Operate peripheral devices.
Apply technologies to strategies for problem solving and
critical thinking.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic
information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information using
databases, CD-ROMs, videodiscs, and telecommunications.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and
catalogs.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered
services to access information from electronic databases.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of various computer
processing, storage, retrieval, and transmission techniques.
The student will communicate through application software.
Create a 1-2 page document using word -processing, skills,
writing process steps, and publishing programs.
Use simple computer graphics and integrate graphics into
word-processed documents.
Create simple databases and spreadsheets to manage
information and create reports.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Six
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will identify and represent integers, fractions,
mixed numbers, and/or decimals on a number line and with
concrete materials and picture models.
The student will identify representations of a given percent and
describe orally and in writing the equivalence relationship
between fractions, decimals, and percents.
The student will compare and order whole numbers, fractions,
decimals, and Percents, using concrete materials, drawings or
pictures, and mathematical symbols.
The student will apply divisibility rules for 4 and 8.
The student will describe and compare two sets of data using
ratios and will use appropriate notations such as a/b, a to b, and
a:b and will use ratio and proportion in everyday situations.
The student will explain orally and in writing the concepts of
prime and composite numbers.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will
solve problems that involve addition, subtraction, and/or
multiplication with fractions and mixed numbers, with and
without regrouping, that include like and unlike denominators
of 12 or less and express their answers in simplest form; and
find the quotient, given a dividend expressed as a decimal
through thousandths and a divisor expressed as a decimal to
thousandths with exactly one non-zero digit. For divisors with
more than one non-zero digit, estimation and calculators will be
used.
use concrete or pictorial models to illustrate operations on
integers.
The student will identify representations of a given percent and
describe orally and in writing the equivalence relationship
between fractions. decimals. and percents.
The student will solve multi-step consumer application
problems including, those involving fractions and decimals and
present data and conclusions in paragraphs, tables, or graphs.
The student will
model and solve algebraic equations, using concrete materials;
and
solve one-step linear equations in one variable, involving
whole number coefficients and positive rational solutions.
The student will evaluate expressions using order of operations.
The student will use estimation strategies to solve multi-step
practical problems involving whole numbers, decimals, and
fractions.
The student will apply the distributive property of
multiplication over addition and subtraction with integers,
fractions, and decimals.
The student will determine the reasonableness of computations
on integers, fractions, and decimals.
The student will use variable expressions to represent simple
inequality relationships.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will investigate and describe concepts of
exponents, perfect squares, and square roots, using calculators
to develop the exponential patterns. Patterns will include zero
and negative exponents, which lead to the idea of scientific
notation. Investigations will include the binary number system
as an application of exponents and patterns. The student will
express and evaluate products in exponential form through the
third power, using concrete materials and picture models.
The student will recognize, analyze describe, create, and extend
a variety of numerical and geometric patterns and will find
missing elements in numerical and non-numerical patterns
using, calculators to investigate integer patterns.
The student will graph functions and relations on the number
line and in a rectangular coordinate system.
The student will investigate relationships and will show how
change in one variable results in change in the other variable.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify, classify, and describe the
characteristics of plane figures including similarities and
differences.
The student will sketch, construct models (including, 2 and 3
dimensional figures), and classify rectangular prisms, cones,
cylinders, and pyramids.
The student will determine congruence of segments, angles, and
polygons by direct comparison, given their attributes. Examples
of non-congruent and congruent figures will be included.
The student will construct the perpendicular bisector of a line
segment and an angle bisector, using a compass and
straightedge.
The student will construct a net and determine the view of a 3
dimensional figure.
The student will describe the location of a point on the
coordinate plane.
Measurement
The student will estimate and then determine length,
weight/mass, area, and liquid volume/capacity, using standard
and nonstandard units of measure.
The student will compare and convert units of measures for
length, weight/mass, and volume within the U.S. Customary
system and within the metric system and estimate conversions
between units in each system:
length-part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet, yards,
miles, millimeters, centimeters, meters, and kilometers;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, tons, grams, and kilograms;
liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts, gallons, milliliters, and
liters; and area-square units.
The intent of this standard is for students to make
"ballpark" comparisons and not to memorize
conversion factors between U.S. and metric units.
The student will estimate angle measures using 45 degrees, 90
degrees, and 180 degrees as referents and use the appropriate
tools to measure the given angles.
The student will create and solve problems by finding the
circumference and/or area of a circle when given the diameter
or radius. Using concrete materials or computer models. the
student will derive approximations for pi from measurements
for circumference and diameter.
The student will describe and calculate temperature change
using, integers.
The student will find the surface area and volume of rectangular
prisms and apply measurement to solve everyday-problems (for
example, in science).
The student will estimate and justify estimates of perimeter and
area of irregular shapes.
Probability and Statistics
The student will determine and interpret the probability of an
event occurring from a given sample space.
The student, given a problem situation, will collect, analyze,
display, and interpret data in a variety of graphical methods,
including line, bar, and circle graphs and stem-and-leaf and
box-and-whisker plots, and histograms. Circle graphs will be
limited to halves, fourths, and eighths.
The student will describe the mean, median, and mode as
measures of central tendency and determine their meaning for
a set of data.
The student will evaluate and justify reasoning, inferences, and
predictions based on probability and statistics.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Seven
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will explain orally and in writing the following
properties of operations with real numbers:
the commutative and associative properties for addition and
multiplication;
the distributive property;
the additive and multiplicative identity properties;
the additive and multiplicative inverse properties; and
the multiplicative property of zero.
The student will find common multiples and factors, including
least common multiple and greatest common factor and will
apply these in problem situations.
The student will compare, order, and determine equivalent
relationships between fractions, mixed numbers, decimals,
integers and percents, including scientific notation.
The student will simplify expressions by using order of
operations, mental mathematics, and appropriate tools.
Exponents and roots will be included.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will solve consumer application problems
involving such things as tips, discounts, sales tax, and simple
interest, using whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and
percents.
The student will use proportions to solve practical problems,
including scale drawings that contain whole numbers. fractions,
decimals, and percents.
The student will
solve practical problems involving basic operations with
integers by formulating rules for operating with integers and
using a number line to compute,
use place value, rules of rounding- estimate solutions and
determine the reasonableness of results and
explain the need for integers, using examples from real- life
situations.
The student will compute the absolute value of integers.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will
solve two-step linear equations and inequalities in one
variable, using strategies involving inverse operations and
integers; and
solve practical problems requiring the solution of a two-step
linear equation using concrete materials, mental computation,
paper or pencil methods, and graphs of inequalities.
The student will use the following algebraic terms
appropriately in written and/or oral expression: equation,
inequality, variable, expression, term, coefficient, domain, and
range.
The student will investigate and describe functional
relationships, including the number of sides of a regular
polygon and the sum of the measures of the interior angles.
The student will recognize, describe, predict, and extend
arithmetic, geometric, Fibonacci, and other numerical patterns.
The student will use function notation, construct function
tables, and graph functions.
The student will write verbal expressions/sentences as algebraic
expressions/equations and simplify and evaluate them.
The student will observe patterns, relationships, and
functions-in everyday situations and will relate them to other
aspects of mathematics and other subjects.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student, given appropriate dimensions, will estimate and
find the area of polygons by subdividing and/or combining
them into rectangles and night triangles.
The student will identify and graph ordered pairs in the four
quadrants of a coordinate plane.
The student will construct a three-dimensional model using
cubes, given the top, side. and/or bottom views, and determine
the volume and surface area of the model.
The student will compare and contrast the following
quadrilaterals: a parallelogram, rectangle, square, rhombus, and
trapezoid. Deductive reasoning and inference will be used to
classify quadrilaterals.
The student will identify and draw the following polygons:
pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, nonagon, and decagon.
The student will recognize the figures as congruent or
non-congruent polygons and will identify and draw the
corresponding parts of congruent polygons.
The student will determine if geometric figures (such as
quadrilaterals and triangles) are similar and write proportions
to express the relationships between corresponding parts of
similar figures, using these proportions to find missing parts of
similar or congruent figures, applying technology where
appropriate.
The student will inscribe equilateral triangles, squares, and
hexagons in circles, using a compass and straightedge.
The student will utilize transformations to describe similar or
congruent figures and tessellations.
Measurement
The student will investigate and solve problems involving the
volume and surface area of rectangular prisms and cylinders,
using concrete materials and practical situations to develop
formulas.
The student will estimate and/or justify estimates of the amount
of time required for activities or events.
The student will use technology to demonstrate concepts of
measurement and probability and statistics as they relate to
other aspects of mathematics and to other subjects.
The student will use rates to solve problems.
Probability and Statistics
The student will determine the probability of a given simple
event and express that probability as a ratio, decimal. or a
percent as appropriate for the given situation.
The student will make a sample space for selected experiments
and represent it in the form of a list, chart, picture, or tree
diagram.
The student will investigate and describe the difference
between the probability of an event found through simulation
versus the theoretical probability of that same event.
The student will make inferences and predictions based on the
analysis of a set of data that the student(s) collect.
The student will create and solve problems involving the mean,
median, mode, and range of a set of data.
The student will identify and describe the number of possible
arrangements of several objects, using a tree diagram or the
Basic Counting Principle.
The student will display data, using displays such as frequency
distributions, line plots, stem-and-leaf plots, box-and-whisker
plots, and scatter grams.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grade Eight
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will describe orally and in writing or diagrams (e.g.
Venn diagrams) the relationship between the subsets of the real
number system.
The student will compute and apply the absolute value of real
numbers.
The student will write and evaluate numbers in exponential
The student will locate real numbers on a number line, coml)are
real numbers using <, >,=, and will order sets of real
numbers.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will use proportions to solve scale-model and other
problems with fractions and
decimals.
The student will solve practical problems involving whole
numbers, integers, and rational numbers, including percents.
Problems will be of varying complexities, involving real-life
data.
The student, given a whole number from 0 to 100, will identify
it as a perfect square and give its square root or find the two
consecutive whole numbers between which the square root lies.
The student will apply the order of operations to evaluate
algebraic expressions for given replacement values of the
variables.
The student will find the product of numbers in exponential
form having the same base, and raise a number with a power to
another power.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will describe and represent relations using tables,
graphs, and rules.
The student will investigate and describe functional
relationships, including the number of sides of a regular
polygon and the maximum number of possible diagonals,
expressing the algebraic concept of the number of diagonals of
the nth-sided polygon.
The student will solve multistep equations in one variable.
The student will create and solve problems using proportions,
formulas, and functions.
The student will graph a linear equation in two variables on the
coordinate plane, using a table of ordered pairs and describe the
trends.
The student will introduce function notation, f(n), and write
word sentences and functional relationships as equations and
will show that the change in one variable in a function results
in a change in the other variable.
The student will observe, predict, and generalize patterns such
as fractals, the golden ratio, and Pascal's Triangle.
The student will recognize examples of exponential growth and
decay.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will identify, describe, and use symbols for points,
line segments, parallel lines, perpendicular lines, intersecting
lines, and skew lines.
The student will identify tangents and secants of circles.
The student will describe, classify, compare and contrast, and
construct plane figures and solid figures, including prisms,
pyramids, cylinders, and cones.
The student will apply transformations (rotate or turn, reflect or
flip, translate or slide, and dilate or scale) to geometric figures
represented on graph paper or coordinate plan. The student will
identify applications of transformations such as tiling, fabric
design, art, and scaling.
The student will use technology, to show the relationships
among the length of edges, the surface area, and the volume of
similar solids.
The student will compare the numbers of sides and
measurement of angles of polygons.
The student will use the rectangular coordinate system to locate
and name vertices of a two dimensional figure.
The student will use isometric dot paper to draw a
representation of a 3 dimensional figure and will determine the
number of cubes used to create a given isometric drawing.
Measurement
The student will verify the Pythagorean Theorem by measuring
and then applying the Pythagorean Theorem to find the missing
length of a side of a right triangle when the lengths of the other
two sides are given.
The student will verify by measuring and describe the
relationships between vertical angles and angles that are
supplementary and complementary.
The student will investigate and solve problems involving
volume and surface area of cones and pyramids, using concrete
materials and practical situations.
The student will use appropriate methods to approximate the
areas and volumes of irregular shapes.
The student will determine time in different time zones.
The student will use measuring devices including rulers,
protractors, clocks, balances/scales, calipers, stop watches, and
thermometers and measure to the required degree of accuracy.
The student will demonstrate the relationship between
perimeter and area when one is fixed and the other varies and
will determine the relationship between changing lengths of
edges and volume of 3 dimensional shapes.
The student will use sine, cosine, and tangent ratios to find
missing parts of right triangles.
Probability and Statistics
The student will use information displayed in line, bar, circle,
and picture graphs, scatter plots, and histograms to make
comparisons, predictions, and inferences.
The student will use a matrix to organize and describe data.
The student will analyze problem situations, such as games of
chance, board games, or grading scales, and make predictions,
using knowledge of probability.
The student will display data using appropriate representations
including histograms, back-to-back stem-and-leaf plots, and
scatter plots with lines of best fit.
The student will recognize the misuse of probability and
statistical analysis in the everyday world.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Eight
The student will communicate through application software.
Compose and edit a multipage document at the keyboard,
using word processing skills and the writing process steps.
Communicate with spreadsheets by entering data and setting
up formulas, analyzing data, and creating graphs or charts to
visually represent data.
Communicate with databases by defining fields and entering
data, sorting, and producing reports in various forms.
The student will communicate through networks and
telecommunication.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Develop hypermedia "home page" documents that
can be accessed by worldwide networks.
The student will have a basic understanding of computer
processing, storing, retrieval and transmission technologies and
a practical appreciation of the relevant advantages and
disadvantages of various processing, storage, retrieval, and
transmission technologies.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic
information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs
to retrieve and select relevant information.
Use laser discs with a computer in an interactive mode.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered
services to access and retrieve information from electronic
databases.
Use databases to perform research.
Mathematics Standards of Learning - Grades 9 - 12
Number and Numeration Systems
The student will describe orally and in writing the relationship
between the subsets of the real number system.
The student will justify steps used in simplifying expressions
and solving equations and inequalities. Justifications will
include the use of concrete objects, pictorial representations,
and the properties of real numbers.
The student will identify field properties, axioms of equality
and inequality, and properties of order that are valid for the set
of real numbers and its subsets, complex numbers, and
matrices.
Numerical and Algebraic Concepts and Operations
The student will represent verbal quantitative situations
algebraically and evaluate these expressions for given
replacement values of the variables. Students will choose an
appropriate computational technique, such as mental
mathematics, calculator, or paper and pencil.
The student will use matrices to organize and manipulate data,
including matrix addition, subtraction, and scalar
multiplication. Data may arise from business, industrial,
consumer, and research situations.
The student will use formulas for surface area and volume of
three-dimensional objects to solve practical problems.
Calculators will be used to find decimal approximations for
results.
The student will use matrix multiplication to solve practical
problems. Graphing calculators or computer programs with
matrix capabilities will be used to find the product.
The student will represent problem situations with a system of
linear equations and solve the system using the inverse matrix
method Graphing calculators or computer programs with matrix
capability will be used to perform computations.
The student will solve systems of two linear equations in two
variables, both algebraically and graphically, and apply these
techniques to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators
will be used as both a primary tool of solution and to confirm
an algebraic solution.
The student will solve quadratic equations in one variable both
algebraically and graphically. Graphing calculators will be
used both as a primary tool in solving problems and to verify
algebraic solutions.
The student will solve quadratic equations in one variable both
algebraically and graphically. Graphing calculators will be used
both as a primary tool in solving problems and to verify
algebraic solutions.
Patterns, Relationships, and Functions
The student will solve linear equations and inequalities in one
variable, solve literal equations (formulas) for a given variable
and apply these skills to solve practical problems. Graphing
calculators will be used to confirm algebraic solutions.
The student will analyze a given set of data for the existence of
a pattern, represent the pattern algebraically and graphically, if
possible, and determine if the relation is a function.
The student will determine the slope of a line when given an
equation of the line, the graph of the line, or two points on the
line. Slope will be described as rate of change and will be
positive, negative, zero, or undefined. The graphing calculator
will be used to investigate the effect of changes in the slope on
the graph of the line, interpreting the meaning of slope as a rate
of change.
The student will select, justify, and apply an appropriate
technique to graph a linear function in two variables.
Techniques will include slope-intercept, x- and y-intercepts,
graphing by transformation, and the use of the graphing
calculator.
The student will recognize multiple representations of functions
(linear, quadratic, absolute value, step, and exponential
functions) and convert between a graph, a table, and symbolic
form. A transformational approach to graphing will be
employed through the use of graphing calculators.
The student will find the domain, range, zeros and inverse of a
function, the value of a function for a given element in its
domain, and the composition of multiple functions. Functions
will include those that have domains and ranges that are limited
and/or discontinuous. The graphing calculator will he used as
a tool to assist in investigation of function, including
exponential and logarithmic.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of
polynomial and rational functions and use these to sketch the
graphs of the functions. This will include determining zeros,
upper and lower bounds, y-intercepts, symmetry, asymptotes,
intervals for which the function is increasing or decreasing, and
maximum or minimum points. Graphing utilities will be used
to investigate and verify these characteristics.
The student will use graphs to investigate and describe the
continuity of functions. The functions will include
piece-wise-defined and step functions.
The student will find the limit of an algebraic function. if it
exists, as the variable approaches either a finite number or
infinity. A graphing utility will be used to verify intuitive
reasoning, algebraic methods, and numerical substitution.
Geometry and Spatial Sense
The student will investigate and use the properties of angles,
arcs, chords, tangents, and secants to solve problems involving
circles. Problems will include finding the area of a sector and
applications in architecture, art, construction, and other areas.
The student will make a model of a three-dimensional figure
from a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional
object. Models and representations will include scale drawings,
perspective drawings, blueprints, or computer simulations.
The student will solve practical problems involving
complementary, supplementary, and congruent angles that
include vertical angles, angles formed when parallel lines are
cut by a transversal, and angles in polygons.
The student will solve practical problems involving right
triangles by using the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse,
properties of special right triangles, and right triangle
trigonometry. Calculators will be used to solve problems and
find decimal approximations for the solutions.
The student will:
investigate and identify congruence and similarity
relationships between triangles; and prove two triangles are
congruent or similar given information in the form of a figure
or statement, using algebraic and coordinate as well as
deductive proofs.
The student will construct and judge the validity of a logical
argument consisting of a set of premises and a conclusion. This
will include:
identifying the converse, inverse, and P
contrapositive of a conditional statement;
translating a short verbal argument into symbolic form;
diagraming arguments involving quantifies (all, no, none,
some), using Venn diagrams; and
using valid forms of deductive reasoning, including the law of
syllogism.
The student will construct, using a compass and straightedge,
a line segment congruent to a given line segment, the bisector
of a line segment, a perpendicular to a given line from a point
not on the line, a perpendicular to a given line at a point on the
line, the bisector of a given angle, and an angle congruent to a
given angle.
The student will use shape, shape properties, and shape
relationships (including triangles, circles, and regular polygons
individually and in combinations) to model the physical world
and solve problems.
The student will locate the midpoint for two ordered pairs and
find the distance between the two pairs.
The student will
draw a system of vectors and find the resultant graphically,
write the components of a vector as a column matrix, and
find the resultant by matrix
addition; and
solve practical problems using a system of vectors.
The student will perform operations with vectors in the
coordinate plane and solve practical
problems using vectors. This will include the following topics:
operations of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and
inner (dot) product; norm of a vector; unit vector; graphing;
properties; simple proofs; complex numbers (as vectors); and
perpendicular components.
Measurement
The student will describe, classify, and construct plane figures
and solid figures. including prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and
cones.
The student will choose appropriate techniques, units, and tools
to measure quantities.
The student will investigate and solve problems involving
volume and surface area of shapes such as cones and pyramids,
using the appropriate amount of concrete materials needed to
construct, cover or fill real objects in practical situations.
The student will choose an appropriate measuring device and
unit of measure to solve problems involving measurement of
length-part of an inch (1/2, 1/4, and 1/8), inches, feet, yards,
miles, millimeters, centimeters, meters. and kilometers;
weight/mass-ounces, pounds, tons, grams, and kilograms;
liquid volume-cups, pints, quarts, gallons, milliliters, and liters,
area-square units; and
temperature-Celsius and Fahrenheit units. Problems also will
include estimating the conversion of Celsius and Fahrenheit
units relative to familiar situations (water freezes at
O°C and 32°F, water boils at 100°C and
212°F, normal body temperature is about 37°C
and 98.6°F).
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems
involving triangles and vectors. Techniques will include using
the trigonometric functions, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Law
of Sines, and the Law of Cosines.
The student will solve problems involving arithmetic and
geometric sequences and series. This will include finding the
sum (sigma notation included) of finite and infinite convergent
series that will lead to an intuitive approach to a limit.
The student will apply the derivative to solve problems,
including tangent and normal lines to a curve, curve sketching,
velocity, acceleration, related rates of change, Newton's
method, differentials and linear approximations, and
optimization problems.
The student will apply the definite integral to solve problems.
These problems will include finding distance traveled on a line
and velocity from acceleration with initial conditions, growth
and decay problems, solutions of separable differential
equations, the average value of a function, area between curves,
volumes of solids of revolution about the axes or lines parallel
to the axes using disc/washer and shell methods, and volumes
of solids with known cross-sectional areas. AP Calculus BC
will also include areas bounded by polar curves.
The student, given similar geometric objects, will use
proportional reasoning to solve practical problems; investigate
relationships between linear, square, and cubic measures; and
describe how changes in one of the measures of the object
affect the others.
The student will determine the relevant percent of error in a
measurement.
Probability and Statistics
The student will investigate and describe the difference
between the probability of an event found through simulation
versus the theoretical probability of that same event.
The student will analyze problem situations and choose an
appropriate model to simulate the problem, such as games of
chance, board games, or grading scales, and make predictions,
using knowledge of probability and graphical, numerical, and
verbal approaches.
The student will determine and interpret the probability of an
event occurring from a given sample space, including odds of
an event occurring and not occurring.
The student will determine a sample space for selected
experiments and represent it in the form of a list, chart, picture,
or tree diagram.
The student will compare multiple one-variable data sets, using
statistical techniques that include measures of central tendency,
range, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker graphs.
The student will make inferences and predictions based on the
analysis of a set of data that the student(s) collect.
The student will collect and analyze data to make predictions,
write equations, and solve practical problems. Graphing
calculators will be used to investigate scatter plots to determine
the equation for a curve of best fit.
Algebra I
The student will describe orally and in writing the relationship
between the subsets of the real number system.
The student will justify steps used in simplifying expressions
and solving equations and inequalities. Justifications will
include the use of concrete objects, pictorial representations,
and the properties of real numbers.
The student will identify field properties, axioms of equality
and inequality, and properties of order that are valid for the set
of real numbers and its subsets.
The student will represent verbal quantitative situations
algebraically and evaluate these expressions for given
replacement values of the variables. Students will choose an
appropriate computational technique, such as mental
mathematics, calculator, or paper and pencil.
The student will use matrices to organize and manipulate data,
including matrix addition, subtraction, and scalar
multiplication. Data may arise from business, industrial,
consumer, and research situations.
The student will solve systems of two linear equations in two
variables, both algebraically and graphically, and apply these
techniques to solve practical problems. Graphing calculators
will be used as both a primary tool for solution and to confirm
an algebraic solution.
The student will solve quadratic equations in one variable both
algebraically and graphically. Graphing calculators will be
used both as a primary tool in solving problems and to verify
algebraic solutions.
The student, given similar geometric objects, will use
proportional reasoning to solve practical problems; investigate
relationships between linear, square, and cubic measures; and
describe how changes in one of the measures of the object
affect the others.
The student will solve linear equations and inequalities in one
variable, solve literal equations (formulas) for a given variable
and apply these skills to solve practical problems. Graphing
calculators will be used to confirm algebraic solutions.
The student will analyze a given set of data for the existence of
a pattern, represent the pattern algebraically and graphically, if
possible, and determine if the relation is a function.
The student will determine the slope of a line when given an
equation of the line, the graph of the line, or two points on the
line. Slope will be described as rate of change and will be
positive, negative, zero, or undefined. The graphing calculator
will be used to investigate the effect of changes in the slope on
the graph of the line, interpreting the meaning of slope as a rate
of change.
The student will select, justify, and apply an appropriate
technique to graph a linear function in two variables.
Techniques will include slope-intercept, x- and y-intercepts,
graphing by transformation, and the use of the graphing
calculator.
The student will write an equation of a line when given the
graph of the line, two points on the line, or the slope and a point
on the line.
The student will apply the laws of exponents to perform
operations on expressions with integral exponents, using
scientific notation when appropriate.
The student will add, subtract, and multiply polynomials and
divide polynomials with monomial divisors, using concrete
objects, pictorial representations, and algebraic manipulations.
The student will factor completely first- and second-degree
binomials and trinomials in one or two variables. The graphing
calculator will be used as both a primary tool for factoring and
for confirming an algebraic factorization.
The student will estimate square roots at least to the nearest
tenth and use a calculator to compute decimal approximations
of radicals.
The student will determine the domain and range of a relation
given a graph or a set of ordered pairs and will identify the
relations that are functions.
The student will, given a rule, find the values of a function for
elements in its domain and locate the zeros of the function both
algebraically and with a graphing calculator. The value of f(x)
will be related to the ordinate on the graph.
The student will, given a set of data points, write an equation
for a line of best fit, using the median fit method, and use the
equation to make predictions.
The student will compare multiple one-variable data sets. using
statistical techniques that include measures of central tendency,
range, stem-and-leaf plots, and box-and-whisker graphs.
The student will analyze a relation to determine whether a
direct or inverse variation exists and represent it algebraically
and graphically, if possible.
Geometry
The student will investigate and use the properties of angles,
arcs, chords, tangents, and secants to solve problems involving
circles. Problems will include finding the area of a sector and
applications in architecture, art, construction, and other areas.
The student will make a model of a three-dimensional figure
from a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional
object. Models and representations will include scale drawings,
perspective drawings, blueprints, or computer simulations.
The student will solve practical problems involving
complementary, supplementary, and congruent angles that
include vertical angles, angles formed when parallel lines are
cut by a transversal, and angles in polygons.
The student, given similar geometric objects, will use
proportional reasoning to solve practical problems; investigate
relationships between linear, square, and cubic measures; and
describe how changes in one of the measures of the object
affect the others.
The student will solve practical problems involving right
triangles by using the Pythagorean Theorem and its converse,
properties of special right triangles, and right triangle
trigonometry. Calculators will be used to solve problems and
find decimal approximations for the solutions.
The student will:
investigate and identify congruence and similarity
relationships between triangles; and prove two triangles are
congruent or similar given information in the form of a figure
or statement. using algebraic and coordinate as well as
deductive proofs.
The student will construct and judge the validity of a logical
argument consisting of a set of premises and a conclusion. This
will include:
identifying the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a
conditional statement;
translating a short verbal argument into symbolic form;
diagramming arguments involving quantifiers (all, no, none,
some), using Venn diagrams; and
using valid forms of deductive reasoning, including the law of
syllogism.
The student will construct. using a compass and straightedge,
a line segment congruent to given line segment, the bisector of
a line segment, a perpendicular to a given line from a point not
on the line, a perpendicular to a given line at a point on the line,
the bisector of a given angle, and an angle congruent to a given
angle.
The student will use shape, shape properties, and shape
relationships (including triangles, circles, and regular polygons
individually and in combinations) to model the physical world
and solve problems.
The student will locate the midpoint for two ordered pairs and
find the distance between the two pairs.
The student will use pictorial representations, including
computer software and coordinate methods to solve problems
involving symmetry and transformation. This will include:
using formulas for finding distance, midpoint, and slope;
investigating and determining whether a figure is symmetric
with respect to a line or a point; and
determining whether a figure has been translated, reflected,
rotated, or dilated.
The student will use the relationships between angles formed
by two lines cut by a transversal to determine if two lines are
parallel and verify, using algebraic and coordinate methods as
well as deductive proofs.
The student, given information concerning the lengths of sides
and/or measures of angles, will apply the triangle inequality
properties to determine whether a triangle exists and to order
sides and angles. These concepts will be considered in the
context of practical situations.
The student will:
investigate and identify properties of quadrilaterals involving
opposite sides and angles, consecutive sides and angles, and
diagonals;
prove these properties of quadrilaterals using algebraic and
coordinate as well as deductive proofs: and
use properties of quadrilaterals to solve practical problems.
The student will use measures of interior and exterior angles of
polygons to solve problems. Tessellations and tiling problems
will be used to make connections to art, construction, and
nature.
Algebra II
The student will use matrix multiplication to solve practical
problems. Graphing calculators or computer programs with
matrix capabilities will be used to find the product.
The student will represent problem situations with a system of
linear equations and solve the system using the inverse matrix
method. Graphing calculators or computer programs with
matrix capability will be used to perform computations.
The student will add, subtract, multiply, divide, and simplify
rational expressions, including complex fractions.
The student will:
add, subtract, multiply, divide, and simplify radical
expressions containing positive rational numbers and variables
and expressions containing rational exponents; and
write radical expressions as expressions containing rational
exponents, and vice versa.
The student will solve absolute value equations and inequalities
graphically and algebraically. Graphing calculators will be used
both as a primary method of solution and to verify algebraic
solutions.
The student will identify and factor completely polynomials
representing the difference of squares, perfect square
trinomials, the sum and difference of cubes, and general
trinomials.
The student will select, justify, and apply a technique to solve
a quadratic equation over the set of complex numbers.
Graphing calculators will be used for solving and confirming
algebraic solutions.
The student will solve equations containing rational expressions
and equations containing radical expressions algebraically and
graphically. Graphing calculators will be used for solving and
confirming algebraic solutions.
The student will find the domain, range, zeros and inverse of a
function, the value of a function for a given element in its
domain, and the composition of multiple functions. Functions
will include those that have domains and ranges that are limited
and/or discontinuous. The graphing calculator will be used as
a tool to assist in investigation of function,. including
exponential and logarithmic.
The student investigate and describe the relationships between
the solution of an equation, zero of a function, x-intercept of a
graph, and factors of a polynomial expression through the use
of graphs.
The student will solve systems of linear inequalities and linear
programming problems and describe the results both orally and
in writing. A graphing calculator will be used to facilitate
solutions to linear programming problems.
The student will solve nonlinear systems of equations,
including linear-quadratic and quadratic-quadratic,
algebraically and graphically. The graphing calculator will be
used as a tool to visualize graphs and predict the number of
solutions.
The student will recognize the general shape of polynomial
functions, locate the zeros, sketch the graphs, and verify
graphical solutions algebraically. The graphing calculator will
be used as a tool to investigate the shape and behavior of
polynomial functions.
The student will investigate and apply the properties of
arithmetic and geometric sequences and series to solve
problems, including writing the first n terms, finding the nth
term, and evaluating summation formulas. Notation will
include sigma and 'a sub n'.
The student will perform operations on complex numbers and
express the results in simplest form. Simplifying results will
involve using patterns of the powers of i.
The student will collect and analyze data to make predictions,
write equations, and solve practical problems. Graphing
calculators will be used to investigate scatter plots to determine
the equation for a curve of best fit.
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems
involving a combination of direct and inverse variations.
The student will identify field properties, axioms of equality
and inequality, and properties of order that are valid for the set
of real numbers and its subsets, complex numbers, and
matrices.
The student will identify conic sections (circle, ellipse,
parabola, and hyperbola) from his/her equations. Given the
equations in (h, k) form, students will sketch graphs, using
transformations.
Pre-Calculus
The student will find the domain. range, zeros and inverse of a
function, the value of a function for a given element in its
domain, and the composition of multiple functions. Functions
will include those that have domains and ranges that are limited
and/or discontinuous. The graphing calculator will be used as
a tool to assist in investigation of functions, including
exponential and logarithmic.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of
polynomial and rational functions and use these to sketch the
graphs of the functions. This will include determining zeros,
upper and lower bounds, y-intercepts, symmetry, asymptotes,
intervals for which the function is increasing or decreasing, and
maximum or minimum points. Graphing utilities will be used
to investigate and verify these characteristics.
The student will use graphs to investigate and describe the
continuity of functions. The functions will include
piece-wise-defined and step functions.
The student will
draw a system of vectors and find the resultant graphically,
write the components of a vector as a column matrix, and find
the resultant by matrix addition; and
solve practical problems using a system of vectors.
The student will recognize multiple representations of functions
(linear, quadratic, absolute value, step, and exponential
functions) and convert between a graph, a table, and symbolic
form. A transformational approach to graphing will be
employed through the use of graphing calculators.
The student will perform operations with vectors in the
coordinate plane and solve practical problems using vectors.
This will include the following topics: operations of addition,
subtraction, scalar multiplication, and inner (dot) product; norm
of a vector; unit vector; graphing; properties; simple proofs;
complex numbers (as vectors); and perpendicular components.
The student will find the limit of an algebraic function, if it
exists, as the variable approaches either a finite number or
infinity. A graphing utility will be used to verify intuitive
reasoning, algebraic methods, and numerical substitution.
The student will expand binomials having positive integral
exponents through the use of the Binomial Theorem, the
formula for combinations, and Pascal's Triangle.
The student will apply the method of mathematical induction to
prove formulas/statements.
The student will apply the techniques of translation and rotation
of axes in the coordinate plane to graphing functions and conic
sections. A graphing utility will be used to investigate and
verify the graphs. Matrices will be used to represent
transformations.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of
exponential and logarithmic functions in order to graph these
functions and to solve equations and practical problems. This
will include the role of e. natural and common logarithms, laws
of exponents and logarithms, and the solution of loganithmic
and exponential equations. Graphing utilities will be used to
investigate and verify the graphs and solutions.
The student will investigate and identify the characteristics of
the graphs of polar equations using graphing utilities. This will
include classification of polar equations, the effects of changes
in the parameters in polar equations, conversion of complex
numbers from rectangular form to polar form and vice versa,
and the intersection of the graphs of polar equations. The
student will use parametric equations to model and solve
application problems. Graphing utilities will be used to
develop an understanding of the graph of parametric equations.
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems
involving triangles and vectors. Techniques will include using
the trigonometric functions, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Law
of Sines, and the Law of Cosines.
The student will use the definitions of the six trigonometric
functions to find the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant,
and cosecant of an angle in standard position, given a point,
other than the origin, on the terminal side of the angle. Circular
function definitions will be connected with trigonometric
function definitions.
The student, given the value of one trigonometric function, will
find the values of the other trigonometric functions. Properties
of the unit circle and definitions of circular functions will be
applied.
The student will find the values of the trigonometric functions
of the special angles and their related angles as found in the
unit circle without the aid of a calculating utility. This will
include converting radians to degrees and vice versa.
The student will use a calculator to find the value of any
trigonometric function and inverse trigonometric function.
The student will verify basic trigonometric identities and make
substitutions using the basic identities.
The student. given one of the six trigonometric functions in
standard form (e.g., y = Asin (Bx + C) + D. where A, B, C. and
D are real numbers), will:
state the domain and the range of the function;
determine the amplitude, period, phase shift, and vertical shift,
and
sketch the graph of the function by using transformations for
at least a one-period interval.
The graphing calculator will be used to investigate the effect
of changing A. B, C. and Don the graph of a trigonometric
function.
The student will identify the domain and range of the inverse
trigonometric functions and recognize the graph of these
functions. Restrictions on the domains of the inverse
trigonometric functions will be included.
The student will solve trigonometric equations that include both
infinite solutions as well as restricted domain solutions and
solve basic trigonometric inequalities. Graphing utilities will be
used to solve equations, to check for reasonableness of results,
and to verify algebraic solutions.
The student will identify, create, and solve practical problems
involving triangles and vectors. Techniques will include using
the trigonometric functions, the Pythagorean Theorem, the Law
of Sines, and the Law of Cosines.
Advanced Placement Calculus
The student will apply the derivative to solve problems,
including tangent and normal lines to a curve, curve sketching,
velocity, acceleration, related rates of change, Newton's
method, differentials and linear approximations, and
optimization problems.
The student will apply the definite integral to solve problems.
These problems will include finding distance traveled on a line
and velocity from acceleration with initial conditions, growth
and decay problems, solutions of separable differential
equations, the average value of a function, area between curves,
volumes of solids of revolution about the axes or lines parallel
to the axes using disc/washer and shell methods, and volumes
of solids with known cross-sectional areas. AP Calculus BC
will also include areas bounded by polar curves.
The student will define and apply the properties of elementary
functions, including algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and
composite functions and their inverses, and graph these
functions using a graphing calculator. Properties of functions
will include domains, ranges, combinations, odd, even,
periodicity, symmetry, asymptotes, zeros, upper and lower
bounds, and intervals where the function is increasing or
decreasing.
The student will define and apply the properties of limits of
functions. This will include limits of a constant. sum, product,
quotient, one-sided limits. limits at infinity. infinite limits, and
nonexistent limits. AP Calculus BC will include the rigorous
definitions of a limit.
The student will state the definition of continuity and determine
where a function is continuous or discontinuous. This will
include
continuity at a point;
continuity over a closed interval,
application of the Intermediate Value Theorem; and
graphical interpretation of continuity and discontinuity.
The student will find the derivative of an algebraic function by
using the definition of a derivative. This will include
investigating and describing the relationship between
differentiability and continuity.
The student will apply formulas to find the derivative of
algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions
and their inverses.
The student will apply formulas to find the derivative of the
sum, product, quotient, inverse, and composite (chain rule) of
elementary functions.
The student will find the derivative of an implicitly defined
function.
The student will find the higher order derivatives of algebraic,
trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.
The student will use logarithmic differentiation as a technique
to differentiate nonlogarithmic functions.
The student will state (without proof) the Mean Value Theorem
for derivatives and apply it both algebraically and graphically.
The student will use I'Hopital's rule to find the limit of
functions whose limits yield the indeterminate forms: 0/0 and
infinity/infinity
For AP Calculus BC, these functions will also include functions
whose limits yield the indeterminate forms:
0 to the Oth power
1 to the infinity power
infinity to the infinity power
infinity minus infinity
The student will apply the derivative to solve problems,
including tangent and normal lines to a curve, curve sketching,
velocity, acceleration, related rates of change, Newton's
method, differentials and linear approximations. and
optimization problems.
The student will find the indefinite integral of algebraic.
exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. The
special integration techniques of substitution (change of
variables) and integration by pans will be included.
AP Calculus BC will also include integration by trigonometric
substitution and integration by partial fractions (only linear
factors in the denominator).
The student will identify the properties of the definite integral.
This will include the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the
definite integral as an area and as a limit of a sum as well as the
fundamental theorem: The integral from a to x of f(t)d(t) DT/do
= f(x).
AP Calculus BC will include composite functions defined by
integrals, e.g., f(x) = the
integral from 0 to x squared of e to the -t squared power d(t).
The student will apply the definite integral to solve problems.
These problems will include finding distance traveled on a line
and velocity from acceleration with initial conditions, growth
and decay problems, solutions of separable differential
equations, the average value of a function, area between curves,
volumes of solids of revolution about the axes or lines parallel
to the axes using disc/washer and shell methods, and volumes
of solids with known cross-sectional areas.
AP Calculus BC will also include areas bounded by polar
curves.
The student will compute an approximate value for a definite
integral. This will include
numerical calculations using Raman Sums and the Trapezoidal
Rule.
AP Calculus BC will also utilize Simpson's Rule.
The student will find the derivatives of vector functions and
parametrically defined functions and use them to solve
problems. The problems will include tangent and normal lines
to parametrically defined curves, velocity and acceleration, and
velocity and acceleration vectors for motion on a plane curve.
The student will use integration to solve problems. This will
include areas bounded by polar curves, length of a path
(including parametric curves), work (Hooke's law), and
improper integrals.
The student will define and test for convergence of a series of
real numbers and of functions. This will include geometric
series, comparison (including limit comparison), ratio, root, and
integral tests, absolute and conditional convergence, alternating
series and error approximation, and p-series.
The student will define, restate, and apply power series. This
will include addition, substitution, term-by-term differentiation
and integration, interval of convergence, Taylor's series.
Maclaurin series expansions, and Taylor polynomials with
remainder and Lagrange error approximation.
* For those students who are enrolled in AP Calculus BC.
Computer Mathematics
The mathematics standards for grades 9-10 should be applied
in the implementation of computer mathematics.
The student will solve practical consumer problems that
involve analyzing and interpreting graphs, charts, and/or tables.
The student will solve mathematical problems using formulas,
equations. and functions.
Problems will include those related to geometry, business, and
leisure (e.g., sports and recreational activities).
The student will solve probability, data analysis, and statistical
problems.
The student will describe the program development cycle:
defining the problem, planning a solution, carrying out the plan,
debugging the program, and providing program documentation.
The student will write program specifications that define the
constraints of a given problem. These specifications include
descriptions of pre-conditions, post-conditions, the desired
output, analysis of the available input, and an indication as to
whether or not the program is solvable under the given
conditions.
The student will design a step-by-step plan (algorithm) to solve
a given problem. The plan will be in the form of a program
flowchart, pseudo code, a hierarchy chart and/or data flow
diagram.
The student will use operating system commands, which
include creating a new file, opening
an existing file, saving a file, making a printed copy (hard
copy) of the file, and executing a program.
The student will divide a given problem into manageable
sections (modules) by task and implement the solution.
The modules will include an appropriate user-defined function,
subroutines. and procedures. Enrichment topics can include
user-defined libraries (units) and object-oriented programming.
The student will design and implement the input phase of a
program. which will include designing screen layout and
getting information into the program by way of user interaction,
data statements (BASIC), and/or file input .The input phase
also will include methods of filtering out invalid data (error
trapping).
The student will design and implement the output phase of a
computer program, which will include designing output layout,
accessing a variety of output devices, using output statements,
and labeling results.
The student will design and implement computer graphics,
which will include topics appropriate for the available
programming environment as well as student background.
Students will use graphics as an end in itself, as an
enhancement to other output, and as a vehicle for reinforcing
programming techniques.
The student will define simple variable data types that include
integer, real (fixed and scientific notation), character, string,
and Boolean.
The student will use appropriate variable data types, including
integer, real (fixed and scientific notation), character, string,
and Boolean. This will also include variables representing
structured data types.
The student will describe the way the computer stores,
accesses, and processes variables, including the following
topics: the use of variables versus constants, variable addresses,
pointers, parameter passing, scope of variables, and local versus
global variables. This will also include use of terminology,
including memory, CPU, RAM, ROM, baud, byte, bits, floppy
disc, and hard drive.
The student will translate a mathematical expression into a
computer statement, which involves writing assignment
statements and using the order of operations.
The student will select and implement built-in (library)
functions in processing data, which include trigonometric
functions, absolute value functions, random number functions,
end of line, end of file, and string.
The student will implement conditional statements that include
if/then, if/then/else, case statements, and Boolean logic.
The student will implement a loop, including, iterative loops,
pretest loops, and post-test loops. Other topics will include
single entry point, single exit point, preconditions,
post-conditions and loop invariance.
The student will select and implement appropriate data
structures, including arrays (one-dimensional and/or
multidimensional), files, and records. Implementation will
include creating the data structure, putting information into the
structure, and retrieving information from the structure.
The student will implement pre-existing algorithms. including
sort routines. search routines, and animation routines.
The student will test a program using an appropriate set of data.
The set of test data should be appropriate and complete for the
type of program being tested.
The student will debug a program using appropriate techniques
(e.g., appropriately placed controlled breaks, the printing of
intermediate results, and other debugging tools available in the
programming environment), and identify the difference
between syntax errors and logic errors.
The student will properly document a program including the
preconditions and post-conditions of program segments,
input/output specifications, the step-by-step plan, the test data,
a sample run, and the program listing with appropriately placed
comments.
The student will design, write, test, debug, and document a
complete structured program which requires the synthesis of
many of the concepts contained in previous standards.
Appendix 2
ENGLISH/LANGUAGE ARTS STANDARDS
English Standards of Learning - Kindergarten
Reading/Literature
The student will understand how print is organized and read.
Hold print materials in the correct position.
Identify the front cover, back cover, and title page of a book.
Follow words from left to right and top to bottom on a printed
page.
Match voice with print, associating oral phonemes, syllables,
words, and phrases with their written forms.
The student will demonstrate an understanding that print makes
sense.
Explain that printed materials provide information.
Identify common signs and logos.
Read and explain own writing and drawings.
The student will develop an understanding of basic phonetic
principles.
Understand that letters represent sounds.
Distinguish letters from words and sentences.
Identify beginning consonants in single-syllable words.
Recognize rhyming words.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of stories.
Use pictures to make predictions about story content.
Retell familiar stories using beginning, middle, and end.
Talk about characters, setting, and events.
Begin to recognize cause and effect.
Use story language in discussions and retellings.
Identify what an author does and what an illustrator does.
The student will identify both uppercase and lowercase letters
of the alphabet.
Listening and Speaking
The student will demonstrate growth in the use of oral
language.
Listen to a variety of literary forms, including stories poems.
Participate in choral speaking and recite short poems, rhymes,
songs , and stories with repeated patterns.
Participate in creative dramatics.
Begin to discriminate between spoken words and sentences.
Substitute words in a rhyming pattern.
The student will use listening and speaking vocabularies.
Use number words.
Use words to describe/name people, places, and things.
Use words to describe location, size, color, and shape.
Use words to describe actions.
Ask about words not understood.
Follow one-step and two-step directions.
The student will build oral communication skills.
Begin to follow implicit rules for conversation, (e.g., taking
turns and staying on topic).
Begin to use voice level, phrasing, sentence structure, and
intonation appropriate for language situation.
Listen and speak in informal conversations with peers and
adults.
Begin to initiate conversations.
Participate in discussions about learning.
The student will hear, say, and manipulate phonemes (small
units of sound) of spoken language.
Identify orally words which rhyme.
Sort words orally according to shared beginning, ending, or
medial sounds.
Blend sounds orally to make words or syllables.
Divide syllables orally into sounds.
Writing
The student will print his/her name.
The student will draw pictures and/or use letters and
phonetically spelled words to write about experiences, stories,
people, objects, or events.
The student will explore the uses of available technology for
reading and writing.
Research
The student will begin to ask how and why questions.
English Standards of Learning - Grade One
Reading/Literature
The student will apply knowledge of how print is organized and
read.
Read from left to right and top to bottom.
Match spoken words with print.
Identify letters, words, and sentences.
The student will apply phonetic principles to read.
Use beginning and ending consonants in decoding
single-syllable words.
Use vowel sounds in decoding single-syllable words.
Blend beginning, middle, and ending sounds to recognize and
read words.
Use word patterns.
The student will use meaning clues when reading.
Use pictures.
Use knowledge of the story and topic to read words.
Reread and self-correct.
The student will use language structure when reading.
Use knowledge of sentence structure to read words.
Reread and self-correct.
The student will integrate phonetic strategies, meaning clues,
and language structure when reading.
Preview the selection.
Set a purpose for reading.
Read with accuracy and self-correct when necessary.
The student will read and comprehend a variety of fiction and
nonfiction selections.
Relate previous experiences to what is read.
Make predictions about content.
Ask and answer questions about what is read.
Identify characters and setting.
Retell stories and events, using beginning, middle, and end.
Identify the theme or main ideas.
Distinguish between fantasy and reality.
Recognize cause and effect relationships.
Recognize and respond to different times, places, and customs
reflected in literature.
Recognize general themes in literature.
Write about what is read.
The student will read familiar stories, poems, or passages with
fluency and expression.
Listening and Speaking
The student will adapt or change oral language to fit the
situation.
Initiate conversation with peers and adults.
Follow rules for conversation.
Use appropriate voice level in small-group settings.
Ask and respond to questions in small-group settings.
The student will continue to demonstrate growth in the use of
oral language.
Tell and retell stories and events in logical order.
Participate in a variety of oral language activities.
Be able to express ideas orally in complete sentences.
The student will continue to expand and use listening and
speaking vocabularies.
Increase oral descriptive vocabulary.
Begin to ask for clarification and explanation of words and
ideas.
Give and follow simple two-step oral directions.
Use singular and plural nouns.
Begin to use compound words in oral communication.
The student will orally identify and manipulate phonemes
(small units of sound) in syllables and multisyllable words.
Count phonemes (sounds) in syllables or words with a
maximum of three syllables.
Add or delete phonemes (sounds) orally to change syllables
or words.
Create rhyming words orally.
Blend sounds to make word parts and words with one to three
syllables.
The student will listen and understand read alouds, discussions,
speakers, and other oral presentations.
Focus attention on speaker
Listen politely and not interrupt.
Ask appropriate questions.
Follow simple directions.
Writing
The student will write to communicate ideas.
Generate ideas.
Focus on one topic.
Use descriptive words when writing about people, places,
things, and events.
Edit writing for simple conventions of grammar,
capitalization, and punctuation, and for spelling.
Use complete and grammatically correct sentences in final
copies.
Begin each sentence with a capital letter and use ending
punctuation in final copies.
Use correct spelling for frequently used words and
phonetically regular words in final copies.
Share writing with others.
Use available technology.
The student will print legibly.
Form letters.
Space words and sentences.
Research
The student will alphabetize words according to the first letter.
Use a picture dictionary to find meanings of unfamiliar words.
Make a personal dictionary or word list to use in writing.
The student will access and use information from observations,
conversations, technology, and books to create oral and written
stories and reports.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Two
Reading/Literature
The student will use phonetic strategies when reading and
writing.
Use knowledge of consonants and consonant blends in words.
Use knowledge of common vowel patterns.
The student will use meaning clues when reading.
Use pictures and diagrams.
Use information in the story to read words.
Use titles and headings.
The student will use language structure when reading.
Use knowledge of prefixes and suffixes.
Use knowledge of contractions and singular possessives.
Use knowledge of simple abbreviations.
Use knowledge of word patterns.
Use knowledge of sentence structure.
Use knowledge of story structure and sequence.
The student will read fiction, nonfiction, and poetry using a
variety of strategies independently.
Preview the selection.
Set purpose for reading.
Use pictures, phonics, meaning clues, and language structure
to comprehend text.
Reread and self-correct when necessary.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of fiction and
nonfiction selections.
Relate previous experiences to the topic.
Read to confirm predictions.
Identify the main idea (stated, inferred, or paraphrased).
Locate information to answer questions.
Paraphrase information found in nonfiction materials.
Describe characters and setting in fiction selections and
poetry.
Explain the problem, solution, or central idea.
Organize events in a story or the steps in a process in the
correct order.
Write about what is read.
Recognize cause and effect relationships.
Compare and contrast ideas within a selection.
Recognize and respond to different times, places, and customs
reflected in literature.
Recognize general themes in literature.
Listening and Speaking
The student will demonstrate an understanding of oral language
structure.
Create oral stories to share with others.
Create and participate in oral dramatic activities.
Use correct verb tenses in oral communication.
Use increasingly complex sentence structures in oral
communication.
The student will continue to expand listening and speaking
vocabularies.
Use words that reflect a growing range of interests and
knowledge.
Clarify and explain words and ideas orally.
Listen to predict the outcome.
Give and follow oral directions with three or four steps.
Identify and use synonyms and antonyms in oral
communication.
The student will use oral communication skills.
Speak clearly and with expression.
Use oral language for different purposes: to inform, to
explain, to persuade, and to entertain.
Share stories or information orally with an audience.
Participate as a contributor and leader in a group.
Paraphrase information shared orally by others.
Use the telephone and take messages.
Make announcements and introductions.
Writing
The student will write stories, letters, and simple explanations
for specific audiences.
Generate ideas before writing.
Organize writing to include a beginning, middle, and end.
Revise writing for clarity.
Use available technology.
The student will edit final copies for grammar, capitalization,
punctuation, and spelling.
Revise for clarity and logical order.
Use declarative, interrogative, and exclamatory complete
sentences.
Capitalize all proper nouns and words at the beginning of
sentences.
Use correct spelling for frequently used words.
Research
The student will identify appropriate sources to locate specific
information.
The student will locate information in reference materials.
Use a table of contents.
Examine pictures, diagram and charts.
Use dictionaries, encyclopedias and indices.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Reading/Literature
The student will apply word-analysis skills when reading and
writing.
Use knowledge of less common vowel patterns.
Use knowledge of homophones, synonyms, and antonyms.
The student will integrate various strategies to read and
comprehend a variety of printed materials (nonfiction, fiction,
poetry).
Preview and use text formats.
Set a purpose for reading.
Apply meaning clues, language structure, and phonetic
strategies.
Use pictures, diagrams, titles, and headings.
Reread and self-correct when necessary.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of a variety of
printed materials.
Set a purpose for reading.
Make connections between previous experiences and reading
selections.
Make, confirm, or revise predictions.
Identify the main idea.
Distinguish between fact and opinion.
Recognize cause and effect relationships.
Explain the problem and solution in the plot of a story.
Examine literature from various historical periods and
cultures.
Recognize general themes in literature and relate to personal
experience.
Summarize stories and paraphrase information found in text.
Make inferences and support them by citing evidence from
the text and personal experience.
Ask and answer questions.
Compare and contrast settings, characters, and events.
Organize information or events logically.
Use information to learn about new topics.
Write about what is read.
The student will continue to read a variety of fiction and
nonfiction selections.
Identify the characteristics of folk tales.
Identify the characteristics of biographies and
autobiographies.
Compare and contrast the characters described in two folk
tales.
Compare and contrast the lives of two persons as described in
biographies and/or autobiographies.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use effective communication skills in group
activities.
Listen attentively by making eye contact, facing the speaker,
asking questions, and paraphrasing what is said.
Listen for details, main idea, sequence, setting, and characters.
Ask and respond to questions from teachers and other group
members.
Separate fact from opinion.
Predict the outcome.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
Explain what has been learned.
Participate as a contributor and leader in a group.
The student will present brief presentations and oral reports to
inform and entertain.
Speak clearly.
Use appropriate volume and pitch.
Speak at an understandable rate.
Organize ideas sequentially or around major points of
information.
Use clear and specific vocabulary to communicate ideas.
Use the telephone and take messages.
Make announcements.
Writing
The student will write descriptive paragraphs.
Develop a plan for writing using a variety of strategies.
Focus on a central idea.
Group related ideas.
Include descriptive details that elaborate the central idea.
Revise writing for clarity.
Write legibly in cursive.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and
spelling.
The student will write stories, letters, simple explanations, and
short reports across all content areas.
Develop a plan for writing using a variety of planning
strategies.
Organize information according to the type of writing.
Write in paragraphs organized into a clear beginning, middle,
and ending.
Revise writing for specific vocabulary and information.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, punctuation,
complete sentences, and spelling.
Use available technology.
Research
The student will record information from print and non-print
resources and present findings in oral and written reports.
Use dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference books.
Use videos, interviews, and cassette recordings.
Use card catalogue.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Four
Reading/Literature
The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar
words.
Use phonetic cues to decode meaning.
Use knowledge of word origins; synonyms, antonyms, and
homonyms; multiple meanings of words, and sentence
structure.
Use word-reference materials including the glossary,
dictionary, and thesaurus.
The student will read and demonstrate comprehension of a
variety of literary forms to include fiction and nonfiction,
biographies and historical fiction.
Explain the author's purpose.
Make, confirm, and revise predictions.
Describe how the choice of language, setting, and information
contributes to the author's purpose.
Compare the use of fact and fantasy in historical fiction with
other forms of literature.
Explain how knowledge of the lives and experiences of
individuals in history can relate to individuals who have
similar goals or face similar challenges.
Use text organizers such as type, headings, and graphics to
understand text.
Formulate questions that might be answered in the selection.
Identify the stated, inferred, or paraphrased main idea.
Make inferences using information from texts.
Paraphrase content of selection, identifying important details.
Write about what is read.
Identify elements of literature such as plot, character, setting,
types of language, point of view, and theme.
Make inferences, determine cause and effect, summarize and
paraphrase content, and draw conclusions.
The student will read, in addition to other literary forms, a
variety of poetry.
Describe the rhyme scheme (approximate, end, and internal).
Identify the sensory words used and their effect on the reader.
Write rhymed, unrhymed, and patterned poetry.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use effective oral communication skills in a
variety of settings.
Present accurate directions and convey information to
individuals and small groups.
Contribute to group discussions.
Seek the ideas and opinions of others.
Begin to use evidence to support opinions.
Speak clearly using appropriate volume, tone, and rate.
Speak increasingly in standard English by applying
appropriate grammar, usage, and vocabulary.
Express ideas orally with fluency, elaboration, and
confidence.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
The student will ask questions to clarify viewpoints, to develop
new understanding, and to view findings from various
perspectives:
discussions
interviews
conferences
The student will make and listen to oral presentations and
reports.
Use subject-related information and vocabulary.
Listen to and record information.
Demonstrate active listening skills and respond appropriately
and accurately to oral information.
Organize information for clarity.
Speak in a variety of forms such as narrative, persuasive and
explanation.
Use effective presentation skills.
Use props and other visual aides to enhance presentation.
Writing
The student will write effective narratives and explanations.
Focus on one aspect of a topic.
Develop a plan for writing.
Organize writing to convey a central idea.
Write several related paragraphs on the same topic.
Utilize elements of style, including word choice, tone, voice,
and sentence variation.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, punctuation, and
spelling.
Use available technology.
The student will edit final copies of writings.
Use subject-verb agreement.
Avoid double negatives.
Use pronoun "I" correctly in compound subjects.
Write legibly.
Research
The student will use information resources to research a topic.
Construct questions about a topic.
Collect information, using the resources of the media center.
Evaluate and synthesize information for use in writing.
Use available technology.
Communicate the information and findings in written and oral
forms.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Five
Reading/Literature
The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar
words and phrases.
Use knowledge of root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
Use dictionary, glossary, thesaurus, and other word-reference
materials.
Use phonetic cues to decode meanings.
Expand vocabulary through listening, reading and writing
words which reflect both general knowledge and specific
subject-related vocabulary.
Demonstrate independence in using phonetic, structural, and
semantic strategies to read more difficult text.
The student will continue to read and demonstrate
comprehension of a variety of literary forms,
including fiction, nonfiction, and poetry.
Describe character development in fiction and poetry
selections.
Describe the development of plot, and explain how conflicts
are resolved.
Describe the characteristics of free verse, rhymed, and
patterned poetry.
Describe how author's choice of vocabulary and style
contribute to the quality and enjoyment of selections.
Use text organizers to predict and categorize information.
Locate information to support opinions, predictions, and
conclusions.
Identify cause-and-effect relationships.
Draw conclusions.
Compare and contrast ideas in a text and between different
texts.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use effective nonverbal communication skills.
Maintain eye contact with listeners.
Use gestures to support, accentuate, or dramatize verbal
message.
Use facial expressions to support or dramatize verbal
message.
Use posture appropriate for communication setting.
The student will listen, draw conclusions, and share responses
in subject-related group learning activities.
Participate in and contribute to discussions across content
areas.
Organize information to present reports of group activities.
Summarize information gathered in group activities.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
The student will make planned oral presentations.
Determine appropriate content for type of presentation and for
audience.
Organize content sequentially or around major ideas.
Summarize main points before or after presentation.
Incorporate visual aids to support the presentation.
Use various forms such as speeches, debates and panel
discussions and use correct grammar, volume, rate, and tone.
Writing
The student will write for a variety of purposes to describe, to
inform, to entertain, and to explain.
Choose planning strategies for various writing purposes.
Organize information.
Use vocabulary effectively.
Vary sentence structure.
Revise writing for clarity.
Write several related paragraphs using an effective
introduction, body of the paper, and conclusion.
Edit final copies for grammar, capitalization, spelling, and
punctuation, especially the use of possessives and quotation
marks.
Write legibly.
Use available technology.
Research
The student will synthesize information from a variety of
appropriately selected resources.
Formulate questions to be answered.
Skim materials to develop a general overview of content or to
locate specific information.
Develop notes that include important concepts, paraphrases,
summaries, and identification of information sources.
Organize and record information on charts, maps, and graphs.
Use available electronic databases to access information.
Cite reference sources.
Continue to communicate the information and findings in
written and oral forms.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Five
The student will demonstrate a basic understanding of computer
theory, including bits, bytes, and binary logic.
The student will develop basic technology skills.
Develop a basic technology vocabulary that includes cursor,
software, memory, disk drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM.
Select and use technology appropriate to tasks.
Develop basic keyboarding skills.
Operate peripheral devices.
Apply technologies to strategies for problem solving and
critical thinking.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic
information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information using
databases, CD-ROMs, videodiscs, and telecommunications.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and
catalogs.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered
services to access information from electronic databases.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of various computer
processing, storage, retrieval, and transmission techniques.
The student will communicate through application software.
Create a 1-2 page document using word processing skills,
writing process steps, and publishing programs.
Use simple computer graphics and integrate graphics into
word-processed documents.
Create simple databases and spreadsheets to manage
information and create reports.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Six
Reading/Literature
The student will read and learn the meanings of unfamiliar
words and phrases.
Use knowledge of word origins, derivations and phonetic
cues.
Use word-reference materials.
Demonstrate independence in using phonetic, structural, and
semantic strategies to read more difficult text.
The student will demonstrate comprehension of a variety of
selections.
Identify questions to be answered.
Make, confirm, or revise predictions as needed.
Recognize tone, mood and theme in works of literature.
Distinguish between main idea and supporting ideas in the
text.
Distinguish between varying viewpoints and perspectives
among texts.
Use context clues to read unfamiliar words.
Determine cause and effect and their impact on the plot,
characters, outcome, theme, or main idea.
Draw conclusions and make inferences based on explicit and
implied information.
Organize information for use in written and oral presentations.
Summarize or paraphrase what is read.
Compare and contrast information about one topic contained
in different selections.
The student will read a variety of fiction (realistic, fantasy,
historical, and biographical) and nonfiction (expository and
argumentative).
Use knowledge of literary forms to aid comprehension and
predict outcomes.
Describe how the author's style elicits emotional response
from the reader.
Distinguish between first- and third-person point of view.
Compare and contrast authors' styles.
Explain how character and plot development are used in a
selection to support a central conflict or story line.
The student will read and write a variety of poetry.
Describe the visual images created by language.
Describe how word choice, speaker, and imagery elicit a
response from the reader.
Compare and contrast plot and character development in
narrative poems, short stories, and longer fiction selections.
Listening and Speaking
The student will analyze oral participation in small-group
activities.
Communicate as leader and contributor.
Evaluate own contributions to discussions.
Summarize and evaluate group activities.
Analyze the effectiveness of participant interactions.
The student will use effective speaking skills with a sense of
audience and purpose.
Use correct grammar, volume, rate, and tone.
Express ideas orally with fluency, elaboration, and
confidence.
Convey information clearly to others.
Analyze presentations based on self-evaluation and conferring
with others.
The student will listen critically and express opinions in oral
presentations.
Distinguish between facts and opinions.
Ask questions to clarify viewpoints.
Compare and contrast points of view.
Summarize main points after listening to a selection.
Follow multi-step oral directions.
Writing
The student will write narratives, descriptions, explanations and
technical writings.
Use a variety of planning strategies to generate and organize
ideas and information.
Establish central idea, organization, elaboration, and unity.
Select vocabulary and information to enhance the central idea,
tone, and voice.
Expand and embed ideas by using modifiers, standard
coordination, and subordination in complete sentences.
Use language appropriate for purpose and audience.
Revise writing for clarity and legibility,
Edit final copies for correct use of language: subject-verb and
pronoun-antecedent agreement, consistent tense inflections,
and adverb and adjective usage.
Edit final copies for writing mechanics: format,
capitalization, punctuation, and spelling.
The student will use writing as a tool for learning in all
subjects.
Make lists.
Paraphrase what is heard or read.
Summarize what is heard or read.
Hypothesize.
Connect knowledge within and across disciplines.
Synthesize information to construct new concepts.
Research
The student will select the best sources for a given purpose,
including atlases, dictionaries, globes, interviews, telephone
directories, encyclopedias, electronic databases, and the
Reader's Guide.
Use strategies to evaluate information such as assessing
usefulness, outlining, and cross referencing.
Combine and organize information from multiple sources.
Paraphrase selected information accurately.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Seven
Reading/Literature
The student will use analogies, idioms, similes, and metaphors
to extend understanding of word meanings.
The student will read a variety of fiction, nonfiction, and
poetry.
Describe and analyze setting, plot structure, characterization,
purpose, point of view, and theme or conflict.
Analyze relationship between author's style, literary form, and
intended impact on reader.
Describe connections between historical and cultural
influences and literary selections.
Describe how word choice and language structure convey an
author's viewpoint in selections such as newspaper and
magazine articles and critical reviews.
The student will read and use strategies to understand
information from varied sources.
Use knowledge of text structures to aid comprehension.
Make, confirm, or revise predictions as needed.
Distinguish fact from opinion in selections such as
newspapers, magazines, and other print media.
Summarize and paraphrase what is read.
Organize and synthesize information for use in written and
oral presentations.
Compare and contrast information from different selections.
The student will read a variety of poetry.
Compare and contrast the use of a speaker and the impact on
the reader.
Describe the impact of specific word choices, such as jargon,
dialect, multiple meanings, invented words, concrete or abstract
terms, and sensory or figurative language.
Explain how sentence structure, line length, and punctuation
convey mood or meaning of a poem.
Describe how rhythm contributes to the purpose or theme of
a poem.
Compare and contrast the rhythm of poems with similar or
dissimilar themes.
Listening and Speaking
The student will plan and deliver oral presentations, such as
monologues, debates, panel discussions, dramatizations, and
demonstrations.
Use oral vocabulary and style appropriate for listeners.
Communicate ideas and information orally in an organized
and succinct manner.
Ask probing questions to seek elaboration and clarification of
ideas.
Make supportive statements to communicate agreement or
acceptance of others' ideas.
Confer with others to evaluate and revise spoken products.
The student will identify the relationship between a speaker's
verbal and nonverbal messages.
Use verbal communication skills, such as word choice, pitch,
feeling, tone, and voice.
Use nonverbal communication skills, such as eye contact,
posture, and gestures.
Compare/contrast a speaker's verbal and nonverbal messages.
The student will identify persuasive messages in non-print
media, including television, radio, and films.
Identify persuasive technique used.
Distinguish between fact and opinion.
Writing
The student will develop narrative, expository, persuasive, and
technical writings.
Apply knowledge of prewriting strategies.
Elaborate the central idea in an organized manner.
Choose vocabulary and information that will cause a reader to
perceive images and tone.
Use clauses and phrases to embed context into sentences.
Revise writing for clarity.
Edit final copies to ensure correct use of elements such as
homonyms, pronoun-antecedent agreement, subject-verb
agreement, and verb tense consistency.
Edit final copies to ensure correct spelling, capitalization,
punctuation, and format.
Evaluate, revise, and edit writing through self-evaluation and
by conferring with others.
Use available technology.
The student will write in a variety of formats including stories,
poems, plays, essays, and research projects.
Research
The student will apply knowledge of resources and conduct
research in preparing written and oral presentations.
Use print and electronic sources to locate books and articles.
Use a thesaurus to select more exact descriptive, specific, or
effective vocabulary for writing.
Use graphic organizers to organize information.
Use note-taking, annotating, multiple drafts, and list of
sources.
Cite reference sources.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Eight
Reading/Literature
The student will apply knowledge of word origins, derivations,
and idioms and will use analogies, metaphors, similes,
denotations and connotations to extend vocabulary
development.
The student will apply knowledge of the characteristics and
elements of various literary forms,
including short stories, essays, speeches, lyric and narrative
poems, plays, and novels.
Explain the use of symbols and figurative language.
Describe inferred main ideas or themes.
Describe cause-effect relationships and their impact on plot.
Describe and evaluate how authors use characters, point of
view, mood, and tone to create meaning.
Analyze similarities and differences between texts and
authors.
Compare and contrast the use of the poetic elements of word
choice, dialogue, rhyme, rhythm, and voice.
Explain how a literary selection can expand or enrich personal
viewpoints or experiences.
The student will comprehend what is read from a variety of
sources.
Draw on background knowledge and knowledge of text
structure to understand selections.
Analyze details for relevance and accuracy.
Analyze important elements and evaluate relationships by
examining and determining validity, bias, purpose and
audience, and statements of opinion.
Read and follow instructions to assemble a model or simple
structure.
Evaluate and synthesize information to apply in written and
oral presentations.
The student will analyze mass media messages.
Identify the persuasive technique being used.
Describe the possible cause-effect relationships between mass
media coverage and public opinion trends.
Evaluate selections such as advertisements, editorials, and
feature stories for relationships between intent and factual
content.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use interviewing techniques to gain
information.
Prepare and ask relevant questions for the interview.
Listen critically and make notes of responses.
Compare, contrast, and defend different point of view.
Recognize propaganda.
Compile and report responses.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the interview.
The student will speak in a variety of forms with a sense of
audience and purpose.
Ask questions to clarify viewpoints and develop
understanding.
Plan and deliver oral presentations and express ideas in a
variety of forms to different audiences.
Respond to audience questions.
Present information creatively using dramatic presentations
and/or video productions.
Confer with others to evaluate and revise spoken products.
Writing
The student will write in a variety of forms, including narrative,
expository and persuasive writings.
Use prewriting strategies to generate and organize ideas.
Focus on elaboration and organization.
Select specific vocabulary and information.
Use standard sentence formation, eliminating comma splices
and other nonstandard forms of sentences that distract readers.
Revise writing for word choice, appropriate organization,
consistent point of view, and transitions among paragraphs.
Edit final copies to ensure correct use of pronoun case, verb
tense inflections, and adjective and adverb comparisons.
Edit final copies to ensure correct spelling, capitalization,
punctuation, and format.
Use available technology.
Research
The student will continue applying knowledge of resources and
conducting research in preparing written and oral presentations.
Select and focus on one aspect of a topic.
Select appropriate sources to support central ideas, concepts,
and themes.
Use skimming and scanning techniques to gather information.
Use note-taking, annotating, multiple drafts, and list of
sources for research projects.
Combine information from variety of sources, text and
electronic.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Eight
The student will communicate through application software.
Compose and edit a multipage document at the keyboard,
using word processing skills and the writing process steps.
Communicate spreadsheets by entering data and setting up
formulas, analyzing data, and creating graphs or charts to
visually represent data.
Communicate with databases by defining fields and entering
data, sorting. and producing reports in various forms.
Use advanced publishing software, graphics programs, and
scanners to produce page layouts.
Integrate databases, graphics, and spreadsheets into
word-processed documents.
The student will communicate through networks and
telecommunication.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Develop hypermedia-home page-documents that can be
accessed by worldwide networks.
The student will have a basic understanding of computer
processing, storing, retrieval, and transmission technologies and
a practical appreciation of the relevant advantages and
disadvantages of various processing, storage, retrieval, and
transmission technologies.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic
information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs
to retrieve and select relevant information.
Use laser discs with a computer in an interactive mode.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered
services to access and retrieve information from electronic
databases.
Use databases to perform research.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Nine
Reading/Literature
The student will read and analyze a variety of literature.
Identify the characteristics that distinguish literary forms.
Use literary terms in describing and analyzing selections.
Explain the relationships between and among elements of
literature: characters, plot, setting, tone, point of view, and
theme.
Explain the relationship between author's style and literary
effect.
Describe the use of images and sounds to elicit the reader's
emotions.
Explain the influence of historical context on the form, style,
and point of view of a written work.
The student will read and analyze a variety of print materials.
Identify a hypothesis to be confirmed, disproved, or modified.
Evaluate clarity and accuracy of information.
Synthesize information from sources and apply it in written
and oral presentations.
Identify questions not answered by a selected text.
Extend general and specialized vocabulary through reading
and writing.
Read and follow instructions to perform tasks such as use
computer software, assemble or construct models or equipment,
or complete a project.
The student will read dramatic selections.
Identify the two basic parts of drama.
Compare and contrast the elements of character, setting, and
plot in one-act plays and full-length plays.
Describe how stage directions help the reader understand a
play's setting, mood, characters, plot, and theme.
The student will read and follow instructions for performing a
specific task such as complete an application for employment
or college admission.
Listening and Speaking
The student will present and critique dramatic readings of
literary selections.
Choose literary form for presentation, such as poems,
monologues, scenes from plays, or stories.
Adapt presentation techniques to fit literary form.
Use verbal and nonverbal techniques for presentation.
Evaluate impact of presentation.
The student will make planned oral presentations.
Include definitions to increase clarity.
Use relevant details to support main ideas.
Illustrate main ideas through anecdotes and examples.
Cite information sources.
Make impromptu responses to questions about presentation.
Evaluate impact of presentation.
The student will listen to the speaker to gather and interpret
information and analyze for accuracy, bias, and speaker's intent
and purpose.
Writing
The student will develop narrative, literary, expository, and
technical writings to inform, explain, analyze, or entertain.
Plan and organize writing.
Communicate clearly the purpose of the writing.
Write clear, varied sentences.
Use specific vocabulary and information.
Arrange paragraphs into a logical progression.
Revise writing for clarity.
Demonstrate use of written standard English by using
expanded vocabulary.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling,
punctuation, and capitalization.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze, and evaluate
the ideas of others.
The student will use technology.
Use word processing routinely to produce products.
Begin to develop desk-top publishing skills.
Research
The student will analyze and synthesize information from a
variety of sources to produce reports and papers.
Formulate research questions.
Select and evaluate sources.
Narrow a topic.
Synthesize information from a variety of sources.
Cite sources.
The student will credit the sources of both quoted and
paraphrased ideas.
Define the meaning and consequences of plagiarism.
Distinguish one's own ideas from information created or
discovered by others.
Use a style sheet method for citing secondary sources, such as
MLA or APA.
The student will use electronic databases to access information.
Identify key terms.
Narrow the focus of a search.
Scan and select resources.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Ten
Reading/Literature
The student will read and critique literary works from a variety
of eras in a variety of cultures.
Explain similarities and differences of structures and images
as represented in the literature of different cultures.
Identify universal themes prevalent in the literature of all
cultures.
Describe cultural archetypes in short stories, novels, poems,
and plays across several cultures.
Examine a literary selection from several critical perspectives.
The student will read and interpret printed consumer materials.
Identify essential information needed to operate specific tools,
appliances, technology hardware, or other equipment.
Analyze the information contained in warranties, contracts,
job descriptions, and technical descriptions.
Skim manuals or consumer texts to locate information.
Compare and contrast product information contained in
advertisements with instruction manuals and warranties.
Apply the information contained in labels, warnings, manuals,
directions, applications, and forms to complete simulated or
real-world tasks.
The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
Compare and contrast the use of rhyme, rhythm, and sound to
convey a message.
Compare and contrast the ways in which poets inspire the
reader to share emotions expressed in poems.
Paraphrase the meaning of selected poems.
The student will read and critique dramatic selections.
Explain the use of asides.
Explain the role of a director.
Compare and contrast character development in a play as
compared to other literary forms.
Listening and Speaking
The student will create and deliver oral presentations for
specific audiences.
Choose appropriate form for presentations such as speech.
monologue, debate, scene from play, video.
Illustrate ideas through anecdotes and examples.
Reply with appropriate impromptu responses to questions in
formal and informal situations.
Evaluate impact of oral presentations.
The student will continue to listen to the speaker to gather and
interpret information and analyze for accuracy, bias, and
speaker's intent and purpose.
The student will participate in and report small-group learning
activities.
Assume responsibility for specific tasks.
Participate in the preparation of an outline or summary of the
group activity.
Include all group members in oral presentation.
The student will critique oral reports of small-group learning
activities.
Evaluate one's own role in preparation and delivery of oral
reports.
Evaluate effectiveness of group process in preparation and
delivery of oral reports.
Writing
The student will develop a variety of writings with an emphasis
on exposition.
Plan and organize ideas for writing.
Elaborate ideas clearly through word choice and vivid
description.
Write clear, varied sentences.
Organize ideas into a logical sequence.
Revise writing for clarity and content of presentation.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling,
punctuation, and capitalization.
Use available technology.
The student will compose in a variety of forms such as personal
writing, stories, poems, skits, expository texts, business letters,
memos, persuasive pieces, e-mail.
The student will critique professional and peer writing.
Analyze the writing of others.
Describe how writing accomplishes its intended purpose.
Suggest how writing might be improved.
Apply knowledge of critical analysis to writing.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze, and evaluate
ideas.
Explain concepts contained in literature and other disciplines.
Translate concepts into simpler or more easily understood
terms.
Research
The student will collect, evaluate, and organize information to
produce reports and papers.
Organize information from a variety of sources.
Formulate research questions.
Narrow a topic.
Verify the accuracy and usefulness of information.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Eleven
Reading/Literature
The student will read and analyze relationships among
American literature, history, and culture.
Describe contributions of different cultures to the
development of American literature.
Describe the development of American literature in the 17th,
18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.
Contrast periods in American literature.
Differentiate among archetypal characters in American
literature.
Describe the major themes in American literature.
Describe how use of context and language structures conveys
an author's point of view in contemporary and historical essays,
speeches, and critical reviews.
Examine a literary selection from several critical perspectives.
The student will read a variety of print material including
classical literature, contemporary literature, works from various
cultures, and real-world texts.
Use information from texts to clarify or refine understanding
of academic concepts.
Evaluate the impact of literary elements such as conflict,
irony, images, and figures of speech.
Read and follow directions to complete an application for
college admission, a scholarship, or for employment.
Read and follow directions to complete a laboratory
experiment.
Extend general and specialized vocabularies for reading and
writing.
Generalize ideas from selections to make predictions about
other texts.
Evaluate the quality and usefulness of informational texts and
technical manuals.
The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
Analyze the poetic elements of classic poems.
Identify the poetic elements and techniques that are most
appealing and that make poetry enjoyable.
Compare and contrast the works of contemporary and past
American poets.
The student will read a variety of dramatic selections in
addition to other literary forms.
Describe the relationship between farce and characterization.
Describe the dramatic conventions or devices used by
playwrights to present selected plays.
Explain the use of monologue and soliloquy.
Explain the use of verbal and dramatic irony.
Listening and Speaking
The student will create and deliver persuasive oral
presentations for specific audiences.
Organize evidence to support a position.
Present evidence clearly and convincingly.
Support and defend ideas and thoughts in public forums.
Choose appropriate form for presentations such as speech,
monologue, debate, scene from play.
Illustrate ideas through anecdotes and examples.
The student will analyze and evaluate persuasive presentations.
Critique the accuracy, relevance, and organization of
evidence.
Critique the clarity and effectiveness of delivery.
The student will listen to the speaker to gather and interpret
information.
Writing
The student will write in a variety of forms with an emphasis on
persuasion.
Develop a focus for writing.
Evaluate and cite applicable information.
Organize ideas in a logical manner.
Elaborate ideas clearly and accurately.
Adapt content, vocabulary, voice, and tone to audience,
purpose, and situation.
Revise writing for accuracy and depth of information.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling,
punctuation, and capitalization.
The student will write, revise, and edit personal and business
correspondence to a standard acceptable in the work place and
higher education.
Apply a variety of planning strategies to generate and
organize ideas.
Organize information to support the purpose of the writing.
Present information in a logical manner.
Revise writing for clarity.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling,
punctuation, and capitalization.
Use available technology.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze and evaluate
the ideas of others.
Research
The student will analyze, evaluate, synthesize, and organize
information from a variety of sources into a documented paper
dealing with a question, problem, or issue.
Narrow a topic.
Develop a plan for research.
Collect information to support a thesis.
Evaluate quality and accuracy of information.
Synthesize information in a logical sequence.
Distinguish one's own ideas from those of others.
Document sources of information using a style sheet format,
such as MLA or APA.
Revise writing for clarity of content.
Edit final copy for correct use of language. format. spelling.
punctuation. and capitalization.
Use available technology.
English Standards of Learning - Grade Twelve
Reading/Literature
The student will identify universal themes in the literature of all
cultures and relate to personal experience.
The student will analyze the development of British literature
and literature of other cultures.
Recognize major literary forms and techniques.
Recognize the characteristics of major chronological eras.
Relate literary works and authors to major themes and issues
of their eras.
Examine a literary selection from several critical perspectives.
The student will read a variety of print material.
Identify information needed to conduct a laboratory
experiment or product evaluation.
Draw conclusions regarding the quality of a product based on
analysis of the accompanying warranty and instruction manual.
Evaluate the quality of informational texts and technical
manuals.
Read and follow instructions to install a software program.
The student will read and critique a variety of poetry.
Explain how the choice of words in a poem fits the speaker.
Explain how the sound of a poem (rhyme, rhythm,
onomatopoeia, repetition, alliteration, assonance, and
parallelism) supports the subject and mood.
Explain how imagery and figures of speech (personification,
simile, metaphor) appeal to the reader's senses and experience.
Compare and contrast traditional and contemporary works of
poets from many cultures.
The student will read and critique dramatic selections from a
variety of authors.
Describe the conflict, plot, climax, and setting.
Compare and contrast ways in which dialogue and staging
contribute to the theme.
Identify the most effective elements of selected plays.
Compare and contrast dramatic elements of plays from
American, British, and other cultures.
Listening and Speaking
The student will use verbal and nonverbal presentation skills to
deliver 5-10 minute formal oral presentations.
Choose the purpose of the presentation: to defend a position,
to entertain an audience, or to explain information.
Use a well -structured narrative or logical argument.
Use details, illustrations, statistics, comparisons, and
analogies to support purposes.
Use visual aids or technology to support presentation.
The student will analyze and evaluate formal presentations.
Critique relationships among purpose, audience, and content
of presentations.
Critique effectiveness of presentations.
The student will listen to the speaker to gather and interpret
information.
Writing
The student will develop expository and technical writings.
Consider audience and purpose when planning for writing.
Present ideas in a logical sequence.
Elaborate ideas clearly and accurately.
Revise writing for depth of information and technique of
presentation.
Edit final copies for correct use of language, spelling,
punctuation, and capitalization.
The student will continue to write, revise, and edit personal and
business correspondence to a standard acceptable in the work
place and/or higher education.
Complete applications.
Develop resumes.
The student will use writing to interpret, analyze and evaluate
the ideas of others.
Research
The student will write documented research papers.
Evaluate the accuracy and usefulness of information.
Synthesize information to support the thesis.
Present information in a logical manner.
Distinguish one's own ideas from those of others.
Cite sources of information using a standard method of
documentation.
Edit for correct use of language, capitalization, punctuation,
and spelling in final copies.
Use available technology.
Appendix 3
SCIENCE STANDARDS
Science Standards of Learning - Kindergarten
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand basic needs and life
processes of plants and animals. Key concepts include
living things change as they grow and need food, water, and
air to survive;
plants and animals live and die (go through a life cycle); and
offspring of plants and animals are similar but not identical to
their parents and one another.
The student will investigate and understand that change occurs
over time, and rates may be fast or slow. Key concepts include
natural and human-made things may change over time; and
changes can be noted and measured.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate and understand simple patterns in
his/her daily life. Key concepts include
weather observations;
the shapes and forms of many common natural objects
including seeds, cones, and leaves;
animal and plant growth; and
home and school routines.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that water has
properties that can be observed and tested. Key concepts
include
water occurs in different forms (solid, liquid, gas);
the natural flow of water is downhill; and
some materials float in water while others sink.
The student will investigate and understand that shadows occur
when light is blocked by an object.
Key concepts include
shadows occur in nature when sunlight is blocked by an
object; and
shadows can be produced by blocking artificial light sources.
The student will investigate and understand that magnets have
an effect on some materials, make some things move without
touching them, and have useful applications. Key concepts
include
push/pull, attract/repel, and metal/non-metal; and
useful applications (refrigerator magnet, can opener,
magnetized screwdriver).
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand that materials can
be reused, recycled, and conserved. Key concepts include
identifying materials and objects that can be used over and
over again;
describing everyday materials that can be recycled; and
explaining how to conserve water and energy at home and in
school.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will conduct investigations in which
basic properties of objects are identified by direct observation;
observations are made from multiple positions to achieve
different perspectives;
set of objects is sequenced according to size;
set of objects is separated into two groups based on a single
physical attribute;
picture graphs are constructed using 10 or fewer units;
nonstandard units are used to measure common objects;
an unseen member in a sequence of objects is predicted;
a question is developed from one or more observations;
objects are described both pictorially and verbally; and
unusual or unexpected results in an activity are recognized.
The student will investigate and understand that humans have
senses including sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste. Senses
allow one to seek, find, take in, and react or respond to
information in order to learn about one's surroundings. Key
concepts include
five senses (taste, touch, smell, hearing, and sight);
sensing organs associated with each of the senses (eyes, ears,
nose, tongue, and skin); and
sensory descriptors (sweet, sour, bitter, salty, rough, smooth,
hard, soft, cold, warm, hot, loud, soft, high, low, bright, dull).
Science Standards of Learning - Grade One
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand that plants have life
needs and functional parts and can be classified according to
certain characteristics. Key concepts include
needs (food, air, water, light, and a place to grow);
parts (seeds, roots, stems, leaves, blossom, fruit); and
characteristics: edible/nonedible, flowering/nonflowering,
evergreen/deciduous.
The student will investigate and understand that animals,
including people, have life needs and specific physical
characteristics and survival behaviors and can be classified
according to certain characteristics. The student will construct
classification schemes for living and non-living things and
determine basic needs, relationships, and functions of living
things including interpreting food chain. Key concepts include
life needs (air, food, water, and a suitable place to live);
physical characteristics (body coverings, body shape,
appendages, and methods of movement); and
characteristics (wild/tame, habitats such as water homes/land
homes, interactions with other living things and with their
environment).
The student will observe similarities and differences in the
growth and development of living things throughout their life
cycles and will observe the growth and development of a
121ant from seed or an animal from birth.
Area 11. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, identify, describe, and understand
the basic relationships between the sun, the moon, and the
Earth. Key concepts include
the sun is the source of heat and light that warms the land, air,
and water;
the apparent movement of the sun and moon;
night and day are caused by the rotation of the Earth; and
the seasons.
The student will investigate and understand the relationship of
seasonal change and weather to the activities and life processes
of plants and animals. Key concepts include
how temperature (hot and cold), light, and precipitation bring
about changes in plants
growth, budding, falling leaves, wilting);
animals (behaviors, hibernation, migration, body covering,
habitat);
people (dress, recreation, work); and
simple charts and picturegraphs of weather conditions,
including wind, rain, snow and
clouds.
The student will identify and describe major features of the
earth (mountains, deserts, oceans, lakes, and rivers) and
demonstrate that earth materials (rock, minerals, water, soil,
fossils) have unique properties.
Area III. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that moving objects
exhibit different kinds of motion. Key concepts include
objects may have straight, circular, and back and forth
motions;
objects vibrate;
forces that affect common object (pushes or pulls can change
the movement of an object); and
the motion of objects may be observed in toys and in
playground activities.
The student will investigate and understand how different
common materials interact with water. Key concepts include
some common liquids (vinegar) mix with water, others (oil)
will not;
some everyday solids (baking soda, powdered drink mix,
sugar, salt) will dissolve,
others (sand, soil, rocks) will not; and
some substances will dissolve easily in hot water rather than
cold water.
The student will describe, compare, measure, and classify
common physical properties of matter.
Identify objects as solid, liguid and gas and recognize that
matter can be changed in form.
Identify, describe, make and separate simple mixtures.
The student will examine how forms of energy Oight, sound,
heat) are involved in common events.
Identify common examples of light, heat, and sound and their
sources.
Observe the affects of light energy on plants and animals.
Generate sounds using vibrations.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand that natural
resources are limited and that living things can change the
environment. Key concepts include
identification of natural resources and the ways people use
them (plants and animals, water, air, land, minerals, forests,
elements, fossil fuels, and soil);
factors that affect air and water quality;
recycling, reusing, and reducing consumption of natural
resources; and
use of land as parks and recreational facilities and use of
deserts, oceans and cities.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
differences in physical properties are observed using the senses
and simple instruments to enhance observations (magnifying
glass);
objects or events are classified and arranged according to
attributes or properties;
observations and data are communicated orally and with
simple graphs, pictures, written statements, and numbers;
length, mass, and volume are measured using standard and
nonstandard units;
inferences are made and conclusions are drawn about familiar
objects and events;
predictions are based on patterns of observation rather than
random guesses; and
simple experiments are conducted to answer questions.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate, interpret, and understand that
living things are part of a system and interact with each other
and with the environment, includiniz the food chain. Key
concepts include
living organisms are interdependent with their living and
nonliving surroundings;
habitats change over time due to many influences;
characteristics and behaviors of plants and animals that help
them to survive in
specific environments; and
living things can cause changes in the environment over time.
The student will investigate and understand that plants and
animals go through a series of orderly changes in their life
cycles. Key concepts include
some animals (frogs and butterflies) go through distinct stages
during their lives while others generally resemble their parents;
flowering plants undergo many changes from the formation of
the flower to the development of the fruit; and
using appropriate instruments to measure growth.
The student will describe the basic needs and functions,
similarities and differences of living things.
The student will construct classification schemes describing the
characteristics for living and non-living things.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate and understand basic types and
patterns of weather. Key concepts include
the major processes associated with the water cycle
(precipitation, evaporation, and
cloud formation);
temperature, wind, condensation, precipitation, drought,
flood, and storms; and
the uses and importance of measuring and recording weather
data;
measure and record temperature in Fahrenheit and Celsius and
make simple graphs of observed weather data.
The student will investigate and understand that environmental
conditions, including weather and seasonal change, affect
plants, animals, and their surroundings. Key concepts include
effects on growth and behavior of living things (shedding,
migration,
estimation, hibernation, camouflage, adaptation, dormancy);
and
weathering and erosion of the land surface.
The student will identify and describe major features of the
earth, using models and classify earth materials according to
their unique properties.
The student will identify and describe basic observable
characteristics of the sun, moon and the earth. Include phases
of moon, color, relative position and size of moon and sun.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will make and separate simple mixtures and will
investigate, describe. compare, classify and understand basic
properties of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. Key concepts
mass and volume; and
processes involved with changes in matter from one state to
another (condensation, evaporation, melting, boiling, freezing,
expanding, and contracting).
The student will investigate, identify, and understand different
types of forces and their effect on common objects. Key
concepts include
natural and artificial magnets have certain characteristics and
attract specific types of metals;
magnetism, iron, magnetic/nonmagnetic, opposites, poles,
attract/repel;
important applications including the magnetic compass; and
concepts of gravity, friction and push/pull.
The student will explore, describe and examine how forms of
energy (light, sound, heat) are involved in common events by
identifying how light energy affects plants and animals,
measuring temperatures in Fahrenheit and Celsius and
investigating ways to generate different sounds.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and describe ways in which people
use resources of the earth, including water, air, soil, minerals,
elements, plants, animals and fossil fuels and classify resources
as renewable or non renewable. The student will communicate
ways of conserving and protecting energy and natural
resources.
The student will describe ways people interact with the
environment and describe different types of environments
including deserts, ponds, oceans, rain forests, and cities.
The student will recognize how technology develops as a result
of human needs and exploration and identify machines that
have been developed.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
observations are repeated to improve accuracy;
two or more attributes are used to classify items;
pictures and bar graphs are constructed using numbered axes;
length, volume, mass, and temperature measurements are
made in metric (centimeters, meters, liters, degrees Celsius,
grams, kilograms) and standard English units (inches, feet,
yards, pints, quarts, gallons, degrees Fahrenheit, ounces,
pounds);
observation is differentiated from personal interpretation, and
conclusions are drawn based on observations;
simple physical models are constructed;
conditions that influence a change are defined; and
unexpected or unusual quantitative data are recognized.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Three
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand relationships
among organisms and their environments in aquatic and
terrestrial food chains. Key concepts include
producer, consumer, decomposer;
herbivore, carnivore, omnivore; and
predator - prey.
The student will investigate and understand that environments
support a diversity of plants and animals that share limited
resources. Key concepts include
�water-related environments (pond, marshland, swamp,
stream, river, and ocean environments);
dry-land environments (desert, grassland, rainforest, and
forest environments);
population and community; and
environments that change due to changes in populations and
behaviors of specific orizanisms.
The student will investigate, predict how, and understand that
behavioral and physical adaptations allow animals to respond
to life needs and functions and changing environmental
conditions. Key concepts include
methods of gathering and storing food, finding shelter,
defending themselves, and rearing young; effects of natural
forces: wind, rain, water, air, sunlight, temperature; how
animals and plants adjust to changing weather conditions; and
hibernation, migration, camouflage, mimicry, instinct, and
learned behavior.
The student will compare and describe growth of living things
based on observations and measurements over time, including
stages of development and life cycles.
The student will construct classification schemes for non-living
and living things.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will demonstrate, classify, state similarities and
differences of the major components of soil, its origin, and
importance to plants and animals including humans and
understand that earth materials (rocks, minerals, water, soil,
fossils) have unique properties. Key concepts include
soil provides the support and nutrients necessary for plant
growth;
topsoil is a natural product of subsoil and bedrock;
rock, clay, silt, sand, and humus are components of soils; and
soil is a natural resource and should be conserved.
The student will investigate and understand weather conditions.
Key concepts include
the origin of energy that drives the water cycle;
the water cycle's relationship to life on Earth;
processes involved in the water cycle (evaporation,
condensation, precipitation);
water supply and water conservation; and
wind direction, temperature and precipitation.
The student will describe how the energy from the sun affects
the earth by identifying the effects of the sun on the earth.
The student will compare characteristics of and understand
basic sequences and cycles occurring in nature. Key concepts
include
sequences of natural events (day and night, time of day,
seasonal changes including changes in climate, phases of the
moon, and tides);
animal and plant life cycles; and
the apparent movement of the sun and moon.
The student will identify and describe major features of the
earth by locating features on maps and constructing models that
illustrate these features.
Area Ill. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand different sources of
energy. Key concepts include
the sun's ability to produce light and heat energy;
natural forms of energy (sunlight, water, wind);
fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and wood;
electricity, nuclear power;
renewable and nonrenewable resources.
The student will investigate and understand forces that affect
common objects including simple machines and their uses.
Key concepts include
types of simple machines (lever, screw, pulley, wheel and
axle, inclined plane, and wedge);
how simple machines function;
examples of simple machines found in the school, home, and
work environment;
gravity causing things to fall; and
friction slowing objects down.
The student will investigate and understand that objects can be
described in terms of the materials they are made of and their
physical properties and can be measured and classified
according to those properties. Key concepts include
objects are made of smaller parts;
materials are composed of parts that are too small to be seen
without magnification;
physical properties remain the same as the material is reduced
in size; and
describe the effects of using magnifying glasses.
The student will explore and examine how forms of energy
(light, sound, heat) are involved in
common events. Key concepts include
light (solar) energy affects plants and animals;
causes and processes of shadow and reflection;
conclusions are drawn based on observations of thermometer
readings;
different types of sounds can be generated and can be
described based
on characteristics such as pitch and volume; and
sources of energy, including batteries.
The student will describe chanizes and causes for chanizes in
matter (solids, liguids, and gases) and will identify common
physical and chemical changes.
Observe and describe phase changes. Relate to temperature
changes and the
reversibility of the process; and
Describe, make and separate the ingredients of mixtures.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate, communicate and understand that
natural events and human influences can affect the survival of
species and natural resources of the earth. Key concepts
include
the interdependency of plants and animals;
human effects on the guality of air, water, and habitat;
the different decay rates of materials in landfills;
the effects of fire, flood, disease, erosion, earthquake, drought,
fuel depletion, and
volcanic eruption on organisms;
conservation, resource renewal, habitat management, and
species monitoring; and
living things can cause changes in the environment over time.
The student will recognize that technology is the gpplication of
scientific knowledge and understand how it develops as a result
of human needs and exploration.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
questions are developed to formulate hypotheses;
predictions and observations are made;
data are gathered, charted, and graphed;
objects with similar characteristics are classified into at least
two sets and two subsets;
inferences are made and conclusions are drawn;
natural events are sequenced chronologically;
length is measured to the nearest centimeter;
mass is measured to the nearest gram;
volume is measured to the nearest milliliter and liter;
temperature is measured to the nearest degree Celsius; and
time is measured to the nearest minute.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Four
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand basic plant
anatomy and life processes. Key concepts include
the structures of typical plants (leaves, stems, roots, and
flowers);
processes and structures involved with reproduction
(pollination, stamen, pistil, sepal, embryo, spore, and seed);
photosynthesis (chlorophyll, carbon dioxide); and
dormancy.
The student will investigate and understand how plants and
animals in an ecosystem interact with one another and the
nonliving environment and will classify them in plant or animal
kingdoms. Key concepts include
behavioral and structural adaptations;
organization of communities;
flow of energy through food webs, including the dynamics,
roles, and interactions of predator-prey, consumers, producer,
decomposer;
habitats and niches;
importance of fossils of plants and animals;
life cycles; and
the impact of the environment on populations of organisms
and influence of human activity on ecosystems.
Area 11. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, describe, and understand how
weather conditions and phenomena occur and can be predicted.
Key concepts include
weather factors and the effects of weather phenomena
(temperature, air pressure, fronts, formation and type of clouds,
wind, lightning, precipitation, and storms, such as hurricanes,
tornadoes, blizzards); and
meteorological tools (barometer, hygrometer, anemometer,
rain gauge, and thermometer)
The student will investigate, describe, and understand the
relationships among the Earth, moon, and sun including parts
of the solar system, planets, moons, comets, meteors, and
asteroids using Models. Key concepts include
the motions of the Earth, moon, and sun (revolution and
rotation);
the phases of the moon;
the effects of heat from the sun on various Earth materials;
the relative size, position, and makeup of the Earth, moon, and
sun; and
unique properties of the Earth as a planet and as part of the
solar system.
The student will compare the geological features of South
Carolina to each other and to those of the United States. Key
concepts include:
land features compared to those on the ocean floor; and
bodies of water such as oceans, rivers, estuaries, and lakes.
The student will classify rocks based on their charactersitics.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that energy is
needed to do work and that machines make work easier. Key
concepts include
energy forms (electrical, mechanical, and chemical energy)
and their sources (fossil fuels, wood, wind, water, and solar);
potential and kinetic energy;
simple and complex machines; and
efficiency, friction, and inertia.
The student will investigate, and understand the characteristics
of electricity including drawing and building simple circuits.
Key concepts include
the nature of electricity (conductors and insulators);
circuits (open/closed, parallel/series);
magnetism and magnetic fields (including the earth's magnetic
field and how like poles revel and unlike poles attract); and
static electricity.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand, important South
Carolina natural resources and describe the effects of pollutants
on these resources. Key concepts include
watershed and water resources;
animals and plants, both domesticated and wild;
minerals, rocks, ores, and energy sources; and
forests, soil, and land.
The student will describe how renewable resources are used in
South Carolina to produce energy for human populations.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
distinctions are made among observations, conclusions
(inferences), and predictions;
data are classified to create frequency distributions;
appropriate metric measures are used to collect, record, and
report data;
appropriate instruments are selected to measure linear
distance (length), volume, mass, and temperature;
predictions are made based on data from picture graphs, bar
graphs, and basic line graphs;
hypotheses are formulated based on cause and effect
relationships;
variables that must be held constant in an experimental
situation are defined; and
numerical data that are contradictory or unusual in
experimental results are recognized.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Five
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate, describe and understand major
structures in plant and animal cells and organisms are made of
cells and have distinguishing characteristics. The student will
compare and contrast orizanisms within plant and animal
kingdoms. Key concepts include
parts of a cell;
vascular and nonvascular plants; and
vertebrates and invertebrates.
The student will identify and describe how organisms from the
plant and animal kingdoms may adapt structurally, functionally,
and behaviorally to different environments including adaptation
over time, the impact of the environment and the relationship
among organisms.
The student will describe the formation of fossils of plants and
animals.
Area 11. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, describe, and understand how the
Earth's surface is constantly changing. Key concepts include
the rock cycle including the identification and classification
of rock types and soils;
Earth history and fossil evidence;
the basic structure of the Earth's landforms and the processes
that formed them;
earthquakes and volcanoes;
weathering, erosion and deposition including causes such as
water, wind, and ice; and
human impact.
The student will investigate and understand characteristics of
the ocean environment and fresh water. Key concepts include
geological characteristics (continental shelf, slope, rise);
physical characteristics (depth, salinity, major currents);
biological characteristics (ecosystems); and
public policy decisions related to the ocean environment
(assessment of marine organism populations, pollution
prevention).
The student will explain the pattern of weather movement
across the countly (including fronts).
The student will identify the apparent movement of the
constellations in relation to the earth.
Area III. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate, compare, and understand that
matter is anything that has mass; takes up space; and occurs as
a solid, liquid, or gas. Key concepts include
mixtures and solutions;
differences between solids, liquids, and gases and mixtures in
terms of volume, shape, mass, area, solubility, weight; and
effect of temperature on the states of matter, including the
boiling point and freezing point of water.
The student will investigate and understand how sound is
transmitted and is used as a means of communication. Key
concepts include
frequency, waves, wavelength, resonance, vibration;
the ability of different media (solids, liquids, gases) to
transmit sound; and
communication tools (voice, Morse code, sonar, animal
sounds, musical instruments).
The student will investigate and understand basic
characteristics of white light. Key concepts include
the visible spectrum, light waves, reflection, refraction,
opaque, transparent, translucent;
optical tools (eyeglasses, lenses, flashlight, camera,
kaleidoscope, binoculars, microscope, light boxes, telescope,
prism, spectroscope, mirrors); and
historical contributions in understanding light.
The student will observe and describe motion in terms of
energy transfer and speed, including, change in motion as
materials vary and the effect of push/pull and gravity or friction
on objects; and various motions such as constant velocity,
vibrations, oscillations and acceleration as objects move down
or up hills.
The student will draw, build, and explain oRen and closed
parallel and series circuits.
The student will explain how potential energy is converted to
kinetic energy.
Applications
The student will distinguish between renewable and
non-renewable resources and explain ways that non-renewable
resources are used to produce energy.
The student will describe the pattern of human population
growth throughout history.
The student will describe the impact of industrial technologies
on sociely and the environment including identifying
agricultural technologies that have increased food yields and
describe ways in which these technologies have altered the
environment.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
appropriate instruments are selected and used for making
quantitative observations of length, mass, volume, and elapsed
time;
rocks, minerals, and organisms are identified using a
classification key;
data are collected, recorded, and reported using the
appropriate graphical representation (graphs, charts, diagrams);
accurate measurements are made using basic tools
(thermometer, meter stick, balance, graduated cylinder);
predictions are made using patterns, and simple graphical data
are extrapolated; and
estimations of length, mass, and volume are made.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Five
The student will demonstrate a basic understanding of computer
theory including bits, bytes, and binary logic.
The student will develop basic technology skills.
Develop a basic technology vocabulary that includes cursor,
software, memory, disk drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM.
Select and use technology appropriate to tasks.
Develop basic keyboarding skills.
Operate peripheral devices.
Apply technologies to strategies for problem solving and
critical thinking.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit electronic
information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information using
databases, CD-ROMs, videodiscs, and telecommunications.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and
catalogs.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered
services to access information from electronic databases.
Describe advantages and disadvantages of various computer
processing. storage, retrieval, and transmission techniques.
The student will communicate through application software.
Create a 1-2 page document using word processing skills,
writing process steps, and publishing programs.
Use simple computer graphics and integrate graphics into
word-processed documents.
Create simple databases and spreadsheets to manage
information and create reports.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Science Standards of Learning - Grade Six
Area I. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand that organisms
depend on other organisms (such as in food pyramids) and the
nonliving components (such as water, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide/oxygen cycles) of the environment.
The student will describe, compare and contrast organisms
within each kingdom. Key concepts include
the functions of each of the maior structures in both plant and
animal cells;
adaptation of orszanisms structurally, functionally and
behaviorally;
fossil animals and plants with living animals and plants; and
different staizes of development occurring in organisms over
time.
Describe the impact of changes in predator - prey populations
on the community, including food webs.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, understand, and describe
constellations and stars, the characteristics and organization of
the solar system and the relationships and movement among the
various bodies that comprise it. Key concepts include
the, sun, moon, Earth, other planets and their moons, meteo rs,
asteroids, and comets;
relative size of and distance between c6moonents-of the solar
system includinp, the planets;
the role of gravity;
revolution and rotation;
the mechanics of day and night and phases of the moon;
the cause of tides; and
the history and technology of space exploration.
The student will:
use topogrgphical maps and construct models that compare
geological features;
compare different types of rocks, different types of soil, and
rocks and soils; and
explain how fossils and other earth materials can be used to
interpret history, identify geologic time periods (for example,
Mesozoic Era, Paleozoic Era) and match fossils to the
appropriate periods of time.
The student will compare, interpret, and predict weather
phenomena over a period of time, based on observed weather
patterns and by using weather maps.
Describe how the heating effects of the sun cause movement
within the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand that all matter is
made up of atoms. Key concepts include
atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons;
atoms of any element are alike but are different from atoms of
other elements; and
atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds.
The student will investigate and understand how to classify
materials as elements, compounds, or mixtures. Key concepts
include
mixtures can be separated by physical processes;
compounds can only be separated by chemical processes; and
elements cannot be separated by physical or chemical means.
The student will investigate and understand basic
characteristics of electricity and will draw or build
electromagnets. Key concepts include
electrical energy can be produced from a variety of energy
sources and can be transformed into almost any other form of
energy;
electricity is related to magnetism; and
circuits can be parallel or series.
The student will investigate, compare, contrast and
understand sources and types of energy and
their transformations. Key concepts include
potential and kinetic energy;
energy sources (fossil fuels, wood, wind, water, solar, and
nuclear power);
light, heat, sound and electrical energy; and
energy transformations (mechanical to electrical, electrical to
heat/light, chemical to
light, chemical to electrical/light, and light to heat energy).
The student will investigate, compare, contrast and
understand that matter has physical and
chemical properties and can undergo change. Key concepts
include
physical changes;
changes in chemical composition, including oxidation
reactions (rusting and burning),
photosynthesis, and acid-base neutralization reactions;
measurement of changes in mass, terml2erature, and volume;
and
identification of phase changes.
The student will describe movement of particles in solids,
liquids and gases in relation to
temperature.
IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand public policy
decisions relating to the environment and identify ways growth
in human population impacts the environment including social
and economic factors in habitat destruction. Key concepts
include
management of renewable resources (water, air, plant life,
animal life);
management of nonrenewable resources (coal, oil, natural gas,
nuclear power); and
cost/benefit tradeoffs in conservation policies (for example,
the reduce-reuse-recycle
principle).
The student will describe ways to minimize the negative
impact of technology on the environment and maximize the
positive impact.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
observations are made involving fine discrimination between
similar objects and
organisms;
a classification system is developed based on multiple
attributes;
differences in descriptions and working definitions are made;
precise and approximate measures are recorded;
scale models are used to estimate distance, volume, and
quantity;
hypotheses are stated in ways that identify the independent
(manipulated) and
dependent (responding) variables;
a method is devised to test the validity of predictions and
inferences;
one variable is manipulated over time with many repeated
trials;
data are collected, recorded, analyzed, and reported using
appropriate metric
measurement;
data are organized and communicated through graphical
representation (graphs,
charts, and diagrams); and
models are designed to explain a sequence.
The student will demonstrate scientific reasoning and logic.
Key concepts include
ideas are investigated by asking for and actively seeking
information;
multiple tests of ideas are performed before accepting or
rejecting them;
alternative scientific explanations are analyzed; and
conclusions are based on scientific evidence obtained from a
variety of sources.
Science Standards of Learning - Grades 7 & 8
Area 1. Living Things
The student will investigate and understand that all living
things are composed of cells. Key
concepts include
cell structure and organelles (cell membrane, cell wall,
cytoplasm, vacuole, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum,
nucleus and chloroplast);
similarities and differences between plant and animal cells;
development of cell theory; and
cell division (mitosis and meiosis).
The student will investigate and understand that living things
show patterns of cellular organization and that major organs
and systems have functions. Key concepts include
cells, tissues, organs, and systems; and
functions, relationships and processes of cells, tissues, organs,
and systems (respiration, removal of wastes, growth,
reproduction, digestion, circulation, skeletal, muscular and
cellular transport and support).
The student will investigate and understand that the basic
needs of organisms must be met in order to carry out life
processes. Key concepts include
plant needs (light and energy sources, water, gases, nutrients);
animal needs (food, water, gases, shelter, space); and
factors that influence life processes.
The student will investigate and understand classification of
organisms. Key concepts include
differences in number, color, size, shape, and texture of
external and internal structures;
dichotomous classification keys (ex. kingdom to species) with
an emphasis on genus/species names;
variation in method of locomotion, obtaining nourishment,
and reproduction; and
five kingdoms of living things.
The student will investigate and understand the basic physical
and chemical processes of photosynthesis and its importance
to plant and animal life. Key concepts include
energy transfer between sunlight and chlorophyll and through
decomposition of plants and animals;
transformation of water and carbon dioxide into sugar, water,
and oxygen; and
photosynthesis as the foundation of food webs.
The student will investigate and understand that organisms
within an ecosystem are dependent on one another and on
nonliving components of the environment. Key concepts
include
interactions resulting in a flow of energy and matter
throughout the system;
complex relationships in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine
ecosystems; and
energy flow in food chains, food webs, and food pyramids.
The student will investigate and understand that interactions
exist among members of a population. Key concepts include
competition, cooperation, social hierarchy, territorial
imperative; and
influence of behavior on population interactions.
The student will investigate and understand interactions
among populations in biological communities or ecosystems.
Key concepts include
symbiotic relationships and niches in a community;
construction of a food web/chain for a selected community or
ecosystem; and
examples of how organisms interact within communities or
ecosystems.
The student will investigate, cite examples of, and
understand how organisms adapt to biotic and abiotic factors in
a biome. Key concepts include
differences between ecosystems and biomes;
characteristics of land, marine, and freshwater biomes;
adaptations that enable organisms to survive within a specific
biome
inferences about the types of plant and animal life which may
be found in major
biomes; and
creation of an ecosystem that shows the interdependence of its
abiotic and biotic
components.
The student will investigate and understand that organisms
reproduce and transmit genetic information to new generations.
Key concepts include
the role of DNA;
characteristics that can and cannot be inherited;
dominant and recessive traits;
genetic engineering and its applications including use of the
Punnett square; and
historical contributions and significance of discoveries related
to genetics.
The student will investigate and understand that ecosystems,
communities, populations, and organisms are dynamic and
change over time (daily, seasonal, and long term). Key concepts
include
phototropism, hibernation, and dormancy;
factors that increase or decrease population size; and
eutrophication, climate change, and catastrophic disturbances.
The student will investigate and understand that organisms
change over time. Key concepts include
the relationships of mutation, adaptation, structural changes,
natural selection, and extinction;
evidence of different species in the fossil record; and
how environmental influences, as well as genetic variation,
can lead to diversity of
organisms, including the prediction of long term impact and
sudden catastrophic
events such as hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, or floods.
The student will trace the energy transfer through
decomposition of plants and animals, including development of
the nitrogen cycle.
The student will give examples of how diet, exercise, and
drug abuse and use affect the body and will develop an
appropriate diet/exercise program and describe its effects on
bodily cellular functions.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems
The student will investigate, and understand how to read and
interpret maps, globes, models,
charts, and imagery. Key concepts include
maps (bathymetric, geologic, topographic, and weather) and
star charts;
imagery (aerial photography and satellite images);
direction and distance measurements on any map or globe;
and
location by latitude and longitude and topographic profiles.
The student will investigate and understand geologic
processes and their causes including plate tectonics. Key
concepts include
how geologic processes are evidenced in the physiographic
regions of South
Carolina;
processes (faulting, folding, volcanism, metamorphism,
weathering, erosion, deposition, and sedimentation) and their
resulting features including the relationship of faults to
earthquakes;
construction of models to illustrate plate tectonic processes.;
and
the basic structure of the earth's interior.
The student will investigate and understand how to identify
and explain the differences in earth materials based on physical
and chemical properties. Key concepts include
properties including hardness, color and streak, luster,
cleavage, fracture, and unique
properties; and
uses of minerals.
The student will investigate and understand how to identify
common rock types based on mineral composition and textures
and the rock cycle as it relates to the transformation of rock
types. Key concepts include
igneous (intrusive and extrusive);
sedimentary (clastic and chemical); and
metamorphic (foliated and unfoliated) rocks.
The student will investigate, illustrate and understand that
many aspects of the history of the Earth and life can be
inferred by studying rocks and fossils and can be sequenced
into major geological events. Key concepts include
traces or remains of ancient, often extinct, life are preserved
by various means in many sedimentary rocks;
superposition, cross-cutting relationships, and radioactive
decay are methods of dating bodies of rock and making
inferences about the Earth's history, including South Carolina
history;
rock types can be used to explain conditions when rock layers
are formed;
diversity of organisms can be related to geological time by
using the fossil record,
absolute and relative dating have different applications but
can be used together to determine the age of rocks and
structures;
the surface and/or subsurface process from which a given
geological landform was formed;
rocks and fossils (descriptions of unique characteristics and
diversity of organisms over time) from many different geologic
periods and epochs are found in South Carolina;
index fossils used to determine the age of rocks; and
the process of formation (including the effects of natural
events) of geologic features
on South Carolina.
The student will investigate and understand the planets and
other members of the solar system; the history and
contributions of the space program; and concepts related to the
origin of the solar system, galaxy, and universe. Key concepts
include
characteristics of the sun, constellations and star groupings,
planets, their moons, comets, meteors, and asteroids;
the role of gravitation and inertia in determining the position
of the planets;
how eclipses and lunar phases occur and analysis of the
interaction of the moon and the sun's gravity on tides;
ways in which information about the universe is obtained and
measured;
cosmology and the origin of stars and stellar systems (the Big
Bang, the solar nebular theory, stellar evolution, star systems,
nebulae, constellations, and galaxies);
the causes for the Earth's seasons and phases of the moon; and
historical contributions in understanding the Earth - moon-
sun system.
The student will investigate and understand that oceans are
complex, interactive physical, chemical, and biological
systems and are.subject to long- and short-term variations. Key
concepts include
physical and chemical changes (tides, waves, currents, sea
level and ice cap variations, upwelling, and salinity
concentrations);
importance of environmental, geologic, and economic
implications;
systems interactions (energy transfer, weather, and climate);
features of the sea floor (continental margins, trenches,
mid-ocean ridges, and abyssal plains) reflect tectonic
processes; and
public policy issues concerning the oceans.
The student will investigate and understand the characteristics
of the Earth including
plate tectonics;
water in all three states (and analysis of the effects of surface
and subsurface
movement of water on the Earth);
position of the Earth in the solar system; and
effects of density differences and energy transfer on the
activities of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth's interior:
The student will investigate and understand the origin of the
atmosphere and the interrelationship of geologic processes,
biologic processes, and human activities on its composition and
dynamics. Key concepts include
transfer of energy within and among the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and lithosphere;
scientific evidence for atmospheric changes over geologic
time;
current theories related to the effects of early life on the
chemical makeup of the
atmosphere;
comparison of the Earth's atmosphere to that of other planets;
atmospheric regulation mechanisms; and
potential atmospheric compositional changes due to human,
biologic, and geologic activity; and
comparison of the physical characteristics of the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and lithosphere.
The student will investigate, understand, and explain that
energy transfer between the sun, Earth, and the Earth's
atmosphere drives weather and climate on Earth. Key concepts
include
observation and collection of weather data;
prediction of weather patterns and characteristics of air
masses, frontal systems, and pressure systems;
weather phenomena, climate zones and the factors that affect
climate; and
the effects of heat flow and /or uneven heatinp, on the earth,
and recognition of patterns of heat transfer (radiation,
convection, and conduction).
The student will investigate and understand how freshwater
resources are influenced by geologic processes and the
activities of humans. Key concepts include
processes of soil development;
development of karst topography;
identification of groundwater zones including water table,
zone of saturation, and zone of aeration;
identification of other sources of fresh water including
aquifers with reference to the hydrologic cycle; and
dependence on freshwater resources and the affects of human
usage on water quality.
Area 111. Matter and Energy
The student will investigate and understand changes in matter
and the relationship of these changes to the Law of
Conservation of Matter and Energy. Key concepts include
physical changes (effect of temperature on state, particle size
on solubility, and
temperature on solubility);
nuclear reactions (products of fusion and fission and their
effects on human beings
and the environment); and
chemical changes (types of reactions, reactants and products,
and balanced equations).
The student will investigate, compare and understand states of
matter and forms of energy and how energy is transferred and
transformed but cannot be created or destroye . Key concepts
include
potential and kinetic energy;
mechanical, chemical, and electrical energy including energy
involve , converted or released in electrical circuits;
heat, light, and sound; and
identification of the units of measure associated with various
forms of energy.
The student will investigate and understand how to use the
periodic table of elements to obtain information. Key concepts
include
symbols, atomic numbers, atomic mass, chemical families,
periods, valence numbers, metals, metalloids, and nonmetals;
and
binary compounds (chemical activity, physical properties,
formulas, and nature of bonding).
The student will investigate, compare, and understand the
basic nature of matter. Key concepts include
the particle theory of matter;
elements, compounds, mixtures, acids, bases, salts, organic,
inorganic, solids, liquids, and gases (including the effects ofthe.
presence of ions and molecules on the behavior of a
compound);
the position, density, and motion of molecules in solids,
liquids, and gases;
characteristics of types of matter based on physical and
chemical properties;
physical properties (shape, density, solubility, odor, melting
point, boiling point, color);
chemical properties (acidity, basicity, combustibility,
reactivity, and the role of a catalyst); and
identification and classification of the causes of change in
chemical and physical systems.
The student will investigate, create and understand various
models of atomic structure including Bohr and Cloud
(quantum) models including descriptions of ftinction, relative
size, and charge of protons, neutrons, and electrons and
investigate and understand historical development and
significance of discoveries related to the atom.
The student will investigate and understand temperature
scales, heat, and heat transfer. Key concepts include
absolute zero, phase change, freezing point, melting point,
boiling point, conduction, convection, radiation, vaporization,
and condensation; and
applications of heat transfer and the effects of heat on objects
and systems (heat
engines, thermostats, and refrigeration).
The student will investigate and understand characteristics of
sound and technological applications of sound waves. Key
concepts include
wave length, frequency, amplitude, interference; and
technological applications of sound.
The student will investigate and understand the nature and
technological applications of light. Key concepts include
reflection, refraction, particle theory, wave theory; and
electromagnetic spectrum.
The student will investigate and understand basic principles
of electricity and magnetism. Key concepts include
electrical energy consumption is measured using common
units (kilowatts/kilowhours);
static, current, circuits;
magnetic fields and electromagnets; and
voltage, ampere, and resistance; and
historical contributions in understanding electricity.
The student will investigate and understand scientific
principles and technological applications of work, force, and
motion. Key concepts include
work, force, mechanical advantage, efficiency, power,
horsepower, gravitational force, speed/velocity, mass/weight,
Newton's three laws of. motion, acceleration (including,
analysis of the motion of falling objects and the effects of
friction);
the relationship between mass and volume to calculate density
and the relationship between distance and time to calculate
speed, and applications (simple machines, compound
machines, powered vehicles, rockets, restraining devices,
projectiles).
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand the relationships
and impact between ecosystem
dynamics and human activity. Key concepts include
food production and harvest;
�change in habitat size, quality, and structure including habitat
destruction, the loss of
biodiversity and how they are related;
�change in species competition (such as balance between
producers and consumers);
population disturbances and factors that threaten and enhance
species survival
including natural events or biotic factors (such as a flu virus);
and
�environmental issues (water supply, air quality, energy
production, and waste
management).
The student will investigate and understand the differences
between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Key concepts
include
fossil fuels, minerals, rocks, water, and vegetation;
advantages and disadvantages of various energy sources;
research processes or devices that impact on the environment
and are used to conserve energy;
resources found in South Carolina;
use of resources and their effects on standards of living; and
environmental costs and benefits (such as evaluation of how
effectively local natural resources are being used).
The student will evaluate and make inferences about the effect
of space science, genetics, and computer technology on sociely.
Key concems include:
current technologies which can be utilized in obtaining natural
resources and utilized to decrease the depletion of natural
resources;
the impact of technology on changes in the knowledge of
earth science, and
the environmental impact of technologies (how technologies
improve or harm the quality of life in the local community and
which technologies have improved the quality of life).
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
length, mass, volume, density, temperature, weight, and force
are accurately measured and reported using the International
System of Units (SI-metric);
triple beam and electronic balances, thermometers,
metric.rulers, graduated cylinders, and spring scales are used to
gather data;
data from experiments are recorded and interpreted from bar,
line, and circle graphs;
research skills are utilized using a variety of resources;
independent and dependent variables, constants, controls, and
repeated trials are identified;
valid conclusions are made after analyzing data;
research methods are used to investigate practical problems
and questions; and
experimental results are presented in appropriate written form.
The student will demonstrate scientific reasoning and logic
by
analyzing how science explains and predicts the interactions
and dynamics of complex Earth systems;
recognizing that evidence is required to evaluate hypotheses
and explanations;
comparing different scientific explanations for the same
observations about the Earth;
explaining that observation and logic are essential for
reaching a conclusion;
evaluating evidence for scientific theories related to plate
tectonics, the structure of the Earth, and its ancient age and
origin; and
making informed judgments related to resource use and its
effects on Earth systems.
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
data are organized into tables showing repeated trials and
means;
variables are defined;
SI (metric) units are used;
criteria are established for evaluating a prediction;
models are constructed to illustrate and explain phenomena;
sources of experimental error are identified;
dependent variables, independent variables, and constants are
identified;
variables are controlled to test hypotheses and trials are
repeated;
continuous line graphs are constructed, interpreted, and used
to make predictions; and
interpretations from the same set of data are evaluated and
defended.
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which
volume, area, mass, elapsed time, direction, temperature,
pressure, distance, density, and changes in elevation/depth are
calculated utilizing the most appropriate tools;
technologies, including computers, are used to collect,
analyze, and report data and to demonstrate concepts and
simulate experimental conditions;
scales, diagrams, maps, charts, graphs, tables, and profiles are
constructed and interpreted;
variables are manipulated with repeated trials; and
a scientific viewpoint is constructed and defended.
Computer/Technology Standards by the End of Grade Eight
The student will communicate through application software.
Compose and edit a multipage document at the keyboard,
using word processing skills and the writing process steps.
Communicate with spreadsheets by entering data and setting
up formulas, analyzing data, and creating graphs or charts to
visually represent data.
Communicate with databases by defining fields and entering
data, sorting, and producing reports in various forms.
Use advanced publishing software, graphics programs, and
scanners to produce page layouts.
Integrate databases, graphics, and spreadsheets into
word-processed documents.
The student will communicate through networks and
telecommunication.
Use local and worldwide network communication systems.
Develop hypermedia home page documents that can be
accessed by worldwide networks.
The student will have a basic understanding of computer
processing, storing, retrieval, and transmission technologies
and a practical appreciation of the relevant advantages and
disadvantages of various processing, storage, retrieval, and
transmission technologies.
The student will process, store, retrieve, and transmit
electronic information.
Use search strategies to retrieve electronic information.
Use electronic encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and catalogs
to retrieve and select relevant information.
Use laser discs with a computer in an interactive mode.
Use local and wide-area networks and modem-delivered
services to access and retrieve information from electronic
databases.
Use databases to perform research.
Science Standards of Learning - Grades 9-12
Area I. Living Things
(Biology)
The student will investigate and understand differences and
relationships between plant and animal cell structure and
function. Key concepts include:
characterizing prokaryotic organisms;
exploring the diversity and variation of eukaryotes;
building analogies between the activities of a single cell and
a whole organism including the active and passive transport to
the maintenance of cells (osmosis, diffusion, osmoregulation,
endocytosis and exocytosis) and organ and organ system
functions depend on cellular activities (nerve impulse
transmission, digestion, respiration, excretion, movement,
circulation, reproduction, growth, development, and support);
and
modeling the cell membrane, cell communication, and cell
recognition.
The student will investigate and understand biochemical
principles essential for life. Key concepts include:
water chemistry and its impact on life processes;
the structure and function of macromolecules;
the role of enzymes in chemical reactions within the cell; and
the significance of and relationship between photosynthesis
and respiration and fermentation including distinctions
between metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism).
The student will investigate and understand the bases for
modem classification systems. Key concepts include:
structural similarities in organisms;
fossil record interpretation;
comparison of developmental stages in different organisms;
examination of protein similarities and differences among
organisms;
comparison of DNA sequences in organisms;
systems of classification that are adaptable to new scientific
discoveries;
examination of local flora and fauna where applicable; and
classification of organisms into taxa (kingdoms through
species).
The student will investigate and understand life functions of
monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals, including
humans. Key concepts include:
how their structures are alike and different;
comparison of their metabolic activities;
analyses of their responses to the environment;
maintenance of homeostasis through feedback mechanisms;
human health issues, human anatomy, body systems, and life
functions;
how viruses compare with organisms; and
observation of local organisms when applicable.
The student will investigate and understand how populations
change through time. Key concepts include:
examining evidence found in fossil records and relating
geological time scales to the appearance and/or extinction of
organisms;
investigating how variation of traits reproductive strategies,
and environmental pressures impact on the survival of
populations;
recognizing how adaptations, heredity of individuals, and the
genetics of populations lead to natural selection; and
exploring how new species emerge by describing the role of
genes, reproduction, and geographical barriers in the process of
speciation.
The student will investigate and understand dynamic equilibria
within populations, communities, and ecosystems. Key
concepts include:
interactions within and among populations including carrying
capacities, limiting factors including interspecific and
intraspecific competition, and growth curves including
examples of demographic characteristics of populations;
nutrient cycling with energy flow through ecosystems
recognizing that the carbon cycle is the main energy source for
ecosystems;
succession patterns in ecosystems;
the effects of natural events and human influences on
ecosystems; and
analysis of local ecosystems including the roles of producers,
consumers, and
decomposers.
The student will investigate and understand common
mechanisms of inheritance and protein synthesis. Key concepts
include:
cell division, mitosis, and how it enhances genetic continuity;
sex cell formation, meiosis, and how it enhances variation;
cell specialization;
prediction of inheritance of traits based on the laws of
heredity including the use of the Punnett square;
effects of genetic recombination and mutation including
changes in protein structure;
events involved in the construction of proteins including the
role of nucleic acids;
exploration of the molecular structure and impact of DNA
technologies; and
characteristics and molecular basis of genetic disorders.
The student will investigate and understand the history of
biological concepts. Key concepts include:
evidence supporting the cell theory;
scientific explanations of the development of organisms
through time;
causative agents of disease;
the evolution of the DNA model; and
the collaborative efforts of scientists, past, and present.
Area II. Earth and Space Systems (Environmental Science)
The student will analyze the chemical composition of the
hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. Key concepts
include:
describe the effects of chemical weathering on earth materials;
identify the eight most common elements in the earth's crust
and describe how they occur; and
investigate the nature and formation of fossil fuels.
The student will analyze the physical composition of the
hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere. Key concepts
include:
describe the effects of physical weathering on earth materials;
and
explain the effects of temperature, salinity, pressure, and
buoyancy on physical properties of earth materials.
The student will apply the electromagnetic spectrum to the
interpretation of remotely sensed data.
The student will explore how global climates are determined by
heat transfer. Key concepts include:
analyze how energy from the sun powers the water cycle;
describe how the balance between energy gained from the sun
and energy lost from the earth determine earth's climate;
investigate and explain the factors that affect geographic
variations in climate including cloud cover, atmospheric dust,
and physiographic features;
investigate and explain heat transfer processes associated with
seasonal fluctuations in the amount of solar energy reaching
various locations on the earth's surface; and
demonstrate an understanding of the effects of weather
conditions, geologic features, and the earth's rotation on energy
transfer.
The student will determine how living organisms can affect the
composition of the hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere.
Key concepts include:
predict how human interaction with the environment will
affect the future of the earth. Include the interaction of other
living organisms; and
describe and predict the effects of climate and vegetation on
soil characteristics.
The student will explain how gravity, electromagnetism, and
nuclear force affect events occurring in the earth-space system.
Key concepts include:
compare various models as explanations for the patterns of
revolution of celestial bodies within the solar system;
describe the magnetic field of the earth and cite evidence for
the reversal of the poles; and
explain the nuclear processes that result in energy production,
continuing life cycles, and the formation of new elements in
stars.
The student will explain how solar energy drives convection.
Key concepts include:
relate the transfer of heat energy to the pattens of wind belts
and ocean currents; and
compare and contrast the formation of high and low pressure
systems, the formation of fronts, and the movement of weather
systems across the surface of the earth.
The student will describe the processes of chemical and
physical weathering, erosion, and deposition on earth materials.
Key concepts include:
describe the formation of sediments; and
describe the formation of drainage systems.
The student will explore the transfer of the earth's internal heat
energy and its effect. Key concepts include:
use the theory of plate tectonics to explain changes in the
earth's crust; and
describe how convection currents may be the driving force for
plate tectonics.
The student will predict how human interaction with the
environment affects the future of the earth.
The student will evaluate changes in long-term atmospheric
conditions and explain possible causes.
The student will explain the effects of the major geological
cycles on the earth system. Key concepts include:
explain the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, oxygen
cycle, and phosphorous cycle; and
illustrate and explain how common cycles recycle resources
through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and
biosphere.
The student will explain the theory of plate tectonics in terms
of the evidence on which it is based.
The student will investigate scientific theories for the formation
of and changes in the universe. Key concepts include:
describe techniques of relative dating of rock layers to
measure the age of fossils;
examine evidence for the origin of the sun, the earth, and the
rest of the solar system;
describe radioactive decay of isotopes as a means for
determining the age of the earth; and
analyze ways radioactive elements are used to date events in
the earth's history.
The student will explain how interactions among the solid
earth, the oceans, the atmosphere, and living, things have
resulted in ongoing changes in the earth's system. Key concepts
include:
examine the interactions between humans and the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and common earth; and
evaluate changes in the long-term atmospheric conditions and
explain possible causes.
The student will trace the history of changes in scientific
thought. Key concepts include:
examine how spacecraft have revolutionized astronomy by
allowing observations that can only be made outside the
atmosphere;
investigate and explain the impact of Copernicus, Galileo,
Kepler, Newton, and Einstein on modem thought; and
investigate and explain the impact of the recognition of plate
tectonics on geologic thought.
Area III. Matter and Energy (Chemistry):
The student will investigate and understand that the placement
of elements on the periodic table is a function of their atomic
structure. The periodic table is a tool used for the investigations
of:
composition, charge, and relative mass of the nucleus;
mass/atomic number including how average mass is
determined;
isotopes/half-lives/nuclear particles, radioactive decay;
particle/mass charge;
families/groups including combining capacity of a
family/group;
series/periods;
trends/patterns: atomic/nuclear radii, electronegativity,
shielding effect, reactivity;
electron configurations/oxidation numbers;
chemical/physical properties;
historical/quantum models;
importance of valence electrons in determining chemical
properties;
behavior of transition metals; and
stability of noble gases.
The student will investigate and understand that the phases of
matter are explained by kinetic theory and forces of attraction
between particles. Key concepts include:
pressure, temperature, and volume;
vapor pressure;
partial pressures;
phase changes;
molar heats of fusion and vaporization;
specific heat capacity;
solutions; and
colligative properties.
The student will investigate and understand that quantities in a
chemical reaction are based on molar relationships. Key
concepts include:
avogadro's principle, the mole, molar volume;
stoichiometric relationships;
partial pressure;
gas laws;
solution concentrations;
chemical equilibrium; and
acid/base theory: strong/weak electrolytes,
dissociation/ionization (pH, pOH), and titration.
The student will investigate and understand how conservation
of energy and matter is expressed in chemical formulas and
balanced equations. Key concepts include:
nomenclature including the naming of both inorganic and
organic compounds;
balancing chemical equations;
writing chemical formulas -- molecular, structural, empirical,
and Lewis diagrams;
identifying compounds found in foods, clothing, cosmetics,
household substances;
bonding types -- ionic, covalent;
reaction types -- synthesis, decomposition, single and double
replacement, oxidation-reduction, neutralization, nuclear (both
fission and fusion), exothermic and endothermic,
spontaneous/nonspontaneous, dissociation ionization;
physical and chemical equilibrium;
reaction rates and kinetics: activation energy, catalysis, degree
of randomness; and
classification of matter as element, compound, mixture.
The student will investigate and understand how basic chemical
principles relate to other areas of chemistry. Key concepts
include:
organic and biochemistry;
nuclear chemistry; and
environmental chemistry.
(Physics):
The student will investigate and understand that the kinetic
molecular theory can be applied to solve quantitative problems
involving pressure, volume, and temperature.
The student will investigate and understand that energy can be
transferred and transformed to provide usable work. Key
concepts include:
transformation of energy among forms, including mechanical,
thermal, electrical, gravitational, chemical, and nuclear; and
efficiency of systems.
The student will investigate and understand how to use models
of transverse and longitudinal waves to interpret wave
phenomena. Key concepts include:
wave characteristics (period, wavelength, frequency,
amplitude and phase);
fundamental wave processes (reflection, refraction,
diffraction, interference, standing waves, polarization, Doppler
effect); and
light and sound in terms of wave models.
The student will investigate and understand that extremely
large and extremely small quantities are not necessarily
described by the same laws as those studied in Newtonian
physics. Key concepts include:
wave/particle duality;
wave properties of matter;
matter/energy equivalence;
quantum mechanics and uncertainty;
relativity;
nuclear physics including the nature of nuclear forces both
strong and weak;
solid state physics;
superconductivity; and
radioactivity.
The student will investigate and understand that different
frequencies and wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum
are phenomena ranging from radio waves through visible light
to gamma radiation. Key concepts include:
the properties and behaviors of radio, microwaves, infra-red,
visible light, ultra-violet, X-rays, and gamma rays; and
current applications based on the wave properties of each
band.
The student will investigate and understand how to diagram and
construct basic and complex electrical circuits and explain the
function of various circuit components. Key concepts include:
Ohm's law;
series, parallel, and combined circuits; and
electric power and circuit design.
The student will investigate and understand that quantities
including mass, energy, momentum, and charge are conserved.
Key concepts include:
kinetic and potential energy; and
elastic and inelastic collisions.
The student will investigate and understand the
interrelationships among mass, distance, force, velocity,
acceleration, and time. Key concepts include:
linear motion;
uniform circular motion;
curvilinear motion;
Newton's laws of motion;
gravitation;
celestial mechanics; and
work, power, and energy.
The student will investigate and understand how to use the field
concept to describe the effects of electric, magnetic, and
gravitational forces. Key concepts include:
inverse square laws;
Newton's law of universal gravitation;
Coulomb's law;
operating principles of motors, generators, and cathode ray
tubes; and
currents are either direct or alternating.
The student will investigate and understand how light behaves
in the fundamental processes of reflection, refraction, and
image formation in describing optical systems. Key concepts
include:
application of the laws of reflection and refraction;
construction and interpretation of ray diagrams;
development and use of mirror and lens equations; and
predictions of type, size, and position of real and virtual
images.
Area IV. Applications
The student will investigate and understand how applications
of physics and chemistry affect the world. Key concepts
include:
principles with examples from the real world;
exploration of the roles and contributions of science and
technology; and
evaluation of how technology has changed the quality of life.
The student will investigate and understand how the earth and
sun are our natural resources. Key concepts include:
developing plans for conserving, producing, recycling;
describing how methods of producing energy in a region are
related to its geophysical characteristics; and
evaluating the impact of solar, nuclear, geothermal,
hydroelectric, and fossil fuel forms of energy on the
environment.
The student will investigate and understand that human
activities can produce long term effects and changes that impact
our environment. Key concepts include:
analysis of the effects of population growth and the use of
resources on the environment;
explain the sources and effects of inorganic and organic toxic
chemicals;
describe the results of natural and induced environmental
hazards; and
make inferences about global changes which have occurred
and predict future change.
Plan and Conduct Investigations
The student will plan and conduct investigations in which:
observations of living things are recorded in the lab and in the
field;
hypotheses are formulated based on observations;
variables are defined and investigations are designed to test
hypotheses;
graphing and arithmetic calculations are used as tools in data
analysis;
conclusions are formed based on recorded quantitative and
qualitative data;
impacts of sources of error inherent in experimental design
are identified and discussed;
validity of data is determined;
alternative explanations and models are recognized and
analyzed;
appropriate technology is used for gathering and analyzing
data and communicating results; and
research is used based on popular and scientific literature.
The student will investigate and understand that experiments in
which variables are measured, analyzed, and evaluated,
produce observations and verifiable data. Key concepts include:
designated laboratory techniques;
safe use of chemicals and equipment;
proper response to emergency situations;
multiple variables are manipulated with repeated trials;
accurate recording, organizing, and analysis of data through
repeated trials;
mathematical and procedural error analysis; and
mathematical manipulations (SI units, scientific notation,
linear equations, graphing, ratio and proportion, significant
digits, dimensional analysis, use of scientific calculator).
The student will investigate and understand how to plan and
conduct investigations in which the components of a system are
defined;
instruments are selected and used to extend observations and
measurements of mass, volume, temperature, heat exchange,
energy transformations, motion, fields, and electric charge;
information is recorded and presented in an organized format;
metric units are used in all measurements and calculations;
the limitations of the experimental apparatus and design are
recognized;
the limitations of measured quantities through the appropriate
use of significant figures or error ranges are recognized; and
data gathered from non-SI instruments are incorporated
through appropriate conversions.
The student will investigate and understand how to analyze and
interpret data. Key concepts include:
a description of a physical problem is translated into a
mathematical statement in order to find a solution;
relationships between physical quantities are determined
using the shape of a curve passing through experimentally
obtained data;
the slope of a linear relationship is calculated and includes
appropriate units;
interpolated, extrapolated, and analyzed trends are used to
make predictions; inferential statistical tests are applied in
evaluating experimental data; and analysis of systems employs
vector quantities utilizing trigonometric and graphical methods.
The student will investigate and understand how to demonstrate
scientific reasoning and logic. Key concepts include:
analysis of primary sources to develop and refine research
hypotheses; analysis of how science explains and predicts
relationships; and evaluation of evidence for scientific theories
and how new discoveries may either modify existing theories
or result in establishing a new paradigm. |